清代河北山西粮食作物的地域分布

<正> 河北山西自然条件复杂多样,为各种作物的生长提供了有利条件。我国传统的粮食作物都有种植,清代以来玉米和番薯、马铃薯的引入与广泛传播,使河北山西粮食作物的种类更为丰富多样。     

清代黄龙山地垦殖的政策效应

本文以清代黄龙山地的垦殖为研究对象, 通过对清代中央到地方影响山地垦殖的有关政策的梳理, 分析了鼓励山地垦殖政策和逐步取消对外来移民的限制政策互相作用。这种政策的效应在清代中后期使得黄龙山地人口增加、垦殖范围不断扩大, 随着这种垦殖的盈缩, 有清一代, 其覆被经历了林地-农地-林地的变迁。山地垦殖的结果导致了黄龙山地生态环境的严重破坏。     

玉米种植过程的管理技术研究

玉米是我国最主要的农业作物之一,在我国的农业发展过程中占有非常重要的地位。目前,在我国农业生产过程中,种植的玉米品种众多,随着农业现代化的发展,对玉米种植过程中的管理技术也在不断更新,以达到提高玉米产量的目的。本文对玉米种植过程的管理技术进行深入的研究和分析,并提出可靠的建议,以促进玉米种植和农业的发展进步。     

清代马铃薯在陕西的引种与传播

从清代陕西地方志等史料的记载来看,马铃薯引种陕西的主要路径大致有三:从东南沿海地区引入秦岭北麓山地;从川鄂地区引进陕南;从内蒙等地引种至陕北。受人口激增和马铃薯优良遗传特性等要素影响,清代马铃薯在陕西的传播范围相当广泛,在关中、陕南和陕北的高山冷凉地区及陕北沙地都有分布。在秦岭山区,马铃薯传播范围最广、社会接纳程度最高,逐渐从杂粮发展成为山民的主食之一,其它功能亦得到有效开发;在关中边缘山区,马铃薯也常常被用作备荒之重要杂粮,在平原地区则是利用"隙地"开始作为菜蔬和杂粮有所种植;在陕北,种植日广,除了济荒之外,其蔬菜之用亦受到了人们的青睐。受传统的饮食结构、马铃薯自身缺陷等因素的制约,清代马铃薯在陕西的种植区域以冷凉地区为主,但自清末而始,其种植范围迅速扩大,呈现出高下俱种之态势。     

从抵制到接受:清代浙江的玉米种植

与传统的玉米种植史研究范式不同,本文从气候突变、山林经济角度分析清代浙江省玉米种植史料的生成,认为乾隆末年和嘉庆年间的几次洪灾促使地方官员和士绅提出玉米引发水土流失的观点,道光年间降雨量增多又推动其形成更为完整的玉米为害表述体系,进而影响地方志的书写。清代江南木材需求量扩大,繁荣了浙江山区的杉木种植业,推动棚民采取刀耕火种法和林粮间作模式实现资源利用效率最大化,玉米也因具有根系发达、穿透力强等特点而取代传统杂粮成为新的"花利"作物,承担起维系劳资双方利益分配机制的功能,但却没有成为山区的主要粮食作物,更不会直接促成大规模的人口增长。     

清代安徽粮食作物的地理分布

<正> 清代安徽的农业生产结构单一,粮食作物的生产占绝大比重。在粮食作物中,又以稻谷和小麦一直占主要地位,是安徽人民的主食,其他则有豆类、黍、稷、粟、高粱、薯类、玉米等杂粮,它们的种植面积虽然不能与稻麦相比,但在大多数地区同样是农民生活中不可缺少的一部分。     

康雍乾时期的贵州山地文化观

清代康雍乾时期派到贵州地方官员的奏折、疏言、著述和皇帝的上谕、朱批、圣旨等所构成一系列对治理贵州的决策及实施过程,正记述了对贵州山地、山地民族和山地文化及其特征的认识过程,形成了独特的贵州山地文化观,在贵州社会历史发展中起到了重要作用,至今仍有参考价值。     

清代安徽经济作物的地理分布

<正> 经济作物在安徽农业生产中占有一定的席位。清代前期,安徽的经济作物构成主要是茶叶、棉花、油菜、大豆、麻类作物、烟草等。清代后期,随着外国资本主义势力的侵入和国外市场的影响,茶叶的生产受到严重打击,产量下降,而鸦片却得以大面积的种植;同时,烟草种植也获得较大发展。     

试论玉米在甘肃的引种与传播

玉米在明中晚期时已传入甘肃,甘肃是当时较早引入玉米的几个省份之一,但直到清康熙朝,才开始加快传播速度和加大种植面积,直到民国时,得以在全省普遍种植。本文通过对玉米在甘肃的种植和传播时间、路径及发展情况进行梳理和归纳,进而总结其对甘肃作物结构、社会经济所起的促进作用。     

清代福建物质文化遗存略说——《图录·福建博物院福建省清代图片项目》述介

<正>中国是具有治史、修史等悠久史学传统的国度。目前我国学术界正在进行的清史编篡工程被视为是近六百年来的第四次国家修史的盛举。因为承担福建省清代图片课题,我们有幸得以参与此次浩大修史活动,并藉此实践机会,以历史年代的视域(清代)统摄梳理遗留在福建的众多清代遗物、遗存,     

商品经济与明清以来福建自然环境的变更

福建原是南方蛮荒地带 ,境内覆盖着漫山遍野的亚热带雨林。明清时期 ,随着商品经济的发展 ,开矿、种植玉米、茶叶等山地作物 ,以及对燃料的需要 ,造成福建地区森林的大面积采伐 ;但古代闽人早已认识到山林资源对经济发展的重要性 ,他们以种竹、种杉等经济活动 ,抵消了山林资源的消耗。他们并以“风水”为理由 ,保护了大片原始森林。然而 ,迄至清末民国时期 ,社会的无序化 ,造成对森林采伐的无序化 ,于是 ,福建的森林资源遭受到极大的破坏 ,经济发展也受到遏制。这种状况 ,迄今没有重大改观     

绿营兵与清代的西南边疆

清朝非常重视云南绿营兵的布设 ,云南绿营兵不但使清朝二度战胜了各种反清力量 ,实现了对云南的控制 ,而且还将统治范围推向边疆和山区 ,将各少数民族纳入直接统治的范围。清朝以绿营兵在云南近边地区构筑了一条漫长而严密的军事布防带 ,对巩固在云南的统治及西南边疆的稳固具有积极作用。     

From Personal Network to Institution Building: The Lifanyuan,Gift Exchange and the Formalization of Manchu–Mongol Relations

The Qing emperors, who ruled over China from 1644 to 1911, managed to bring large parts of Inner Asia under their control and extended the territory of China to an unprecedented degree. This paper maintains that the political technique of patronage with its formalized language, its emphasis on gift exchange and expressions of courtesy is a useful concept for explaining the integration of Inner Asian confederations into the empire. By re-interpreting the obligations of gift exchange, the Qing transformed the network of personal relationships, which had to be reinforced and consolidated permanently, into a system with clearly defined rules. In this process of formalization, the Lifanyuan, the Court for the Administration of the Outer Regions, played a key role. While in the early years of the dynasty, it was responsible for collecting and disseminating information concerning the various patronage relationships with Inner Asian leaders, over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries its efforts were directed at standardizing and streamlining the contacts between ethnic minorities and the state. Through the Lifanyuan, the rules and principles of patronage were maintained in a modified form even in the later part of the dynasty, when the Qing exercised control in the outer regions more directly. The paper provides an explanation for the longevity and cohesiveness of the multi-ethnic Qing Empire. Based on recently published Manchu and Mongol language archival material and the Maussian concept of gift exchange, the study sheds new light on the changing self-conception of the Qing emperors.     

南方山区经济开发的历史进程与空间展布

历史时期南方山区经济开发的进程,可区分为三个阶段:(1)自原始稻作农业起源,至2世纪末,南方山区的经济形态以采集渔猎为主、原始种植农业为辅;(2)自六朝至北宋末,低山丘陵地区的河谷、山间盆地逐步被开垦成农田,局部地方形成了梯田,建设了中小型农田水利,但刀耕火种性质的烧?仍是南方山区主导性的垦耕方式;(3)自南宋以迄于明清时期,浙闽山地、南岭山地、川东丘陵山地、粤桂山地、秦巴山地渐次得到全面开发,特别是明清时期,各省际交边山区成为主要开发对象,山地利用达到了新的高度。     

Feeding the Mountains: Sacred Landscapes,Mountain Worship,and Sacrifice in the Maya and Inca Worlds

Three texts reviewed here address the linkages between religion and mountainous landscapes in the Maya and Inca realms. Bassie-Sweet provides a thorough analysis of the Maya mythologies of creation and situates its players and concepts within the real world. Besom thoughtfully tackles the place of mountains and child sacrifice within the Andes with a focus on the late prehispanic Inca. Reinhard and Constanza offer a detailed and richly illustrated case study of state-sponsored child sacrifice on a mountaintop in the south of the Inca Empire. Taken together, these somewhat disparate books produce several fascinating parallels in the sacred geographies of mountains and the offerings made to them.     

明清时期河南省部分经济作物的种植与分布

明清时期河南省油料作物主要有花生和芝麻两种,花生明中期传入中国,清代在河南广泛种植。芝麻汉代从西域传入,明清时期在河南广为分布。这两者今日在河南省的经济作物种植中仍占重要地位。染料作物中蓝草和红花均为传统作物,种植历史悠久,分布广泛。从明至清,种植之风方兴未艾。两者在清末均由于受到外来染料的冲击而中落,此后再也未能恢复到原来的水平。嗜食作物中的罂粟,清咸丰年间开始在河南省广泛栽种,后因国人的抗议,在民国年间禁种。烟草和茶叶的种植不惟明清时期就有一定的规模,且一直持续发展,为今日河南省以许昌为中心的烤烟基地和以信阳为中心的茶叶基地的建设和发展创造了条件、奠定了基础。     

西南边疆政区名称教化功能演变研究

本文认为中国西南地区政区教化色彩名称比例经过了在西汉时期很小、从东汉到明清变大、而民国以后又变小的发展过程。在空间上呈现从四川向云南、贵州民族地区随时代发展比例逐步增大的趋势 ;级别差异上一级政区 (州、道、路、省 )历史上多以山川风物名称为主体 ,而二级政区 (郡、府、州、地区、地级市 )教化色彩名称比例经过了由小变大再变小的发展过程 ,三级政区 (县、县级道、州、军、监等 )变化与二级政区有相似之处 ,只是民国以来比例变小幅度没有二级政区大 ,保持相对的稳定。三级以下政区名称历史上相对较稳定 ,主要以山川风物等名称为主。中国历史上行政区划教化名称的演变与中国传统文化的发展关系密切 ,也与中原汉族文化向周边民族地区发展的轨迹息息相关。元明清时期政区教化色彩名称比例的大增 ,显现了元明清时期中原对西南边疆控制最深入的时代特征。民国以后的比例下降则显现了现代文明意识对边疆民族地区社会文化的影响。     

思想与行动的距离——中国古代自然资源与环境保护概观

中国古代先后两度出现性质相当不同的资源环境困境。第一次是西周至秦汉时期,主要表现为山林川泽自然资源不敷利用,资源困境的忧思催生了早熟的自然资源保护思想理论和礼法制度。第二次是清朝中期以后,“人口爆炸”造成的巨大资源(特别是土地)危机和生存压力,使18世纪末期(1790年)成为历史上的环境拐点,山区毁林开垦迅速显现出恶劣的环境后果,促使当时社会展开以山林保护为重点的环境保护思考和行动。两者之间是一个思想与行动都显得相对平淡和迟滞的阶段,但也有若干历史情节值得特别注意:一是围绕山林川泽之利,发生了国家从“专山泽之利”到放弃山泽垄断的制度变化;二是先秦诸子的自然观念和资源保护思想,在宋明理学中得到了一次明显升华。     

Cattle Slaughter Industry in Qing China: State Ban,Muslim Dominance,and the Western Diet

Cattle slaughter and beef consumption are barely mentioned in the literature on Chinese economic, food, or animal history. This is possibly due to the widely held popular and scholarly assumption that beef was avoided and even considered taboo in the daily diet of Chinese people in premodern times. This article investigates the tangible regulation and practice of cattle slaughter in Qing China—the period when the beef taboo was argued to be formally subsumed into Chinese morality. I ask the following questions: To what extent did the Qing state ban cattle slaughter? How was the ban enforced in the localities? Did Chinese people slaughter cattle for consumption? Were there lawful beef markets in Qing China proper? How did increasing beef-eating Western sojourners since the mid-19th century impact this sector? Accordingly, I demonstrate that with the leeway provided by the state, the cattle slaughter industry developed in many regions of China proper, especially large cities. In this sector, Chinese Muslim merchants played a dominant role, even though the Han merchants could outnumber them. Their efforts have prepared the state and Chinese merchants to better cope with new circumstances since the mid-19th century. Broadly, this paper sheds light on how different religious, ethnic, and national groups affected the economy and the practice of law in the Qing dynasty.     

Neolithic Transhumance in the Black Forest Mountains,SW Germany

Abstract

The presence of Neolithic people in mountainous areas of Central Europe is a debated topic and there is a lack of systematic fieldwork to explore patterns of land use in upland regions. The results of two survey campaigns in the Black Forest mountains of SW Germany aid our understanding of Neolithic expansion into the uplands. An extensive inventory of flint artifacts dating predominantly from the Late Neolithic provides evidence of summer highland pasturing and leaf foddering.