Spurios Spatial Regression: Some Monte Carlo Results with a Spatial Unit Root and Spatial Cointegration

In this paper I introduce the concepts of spatial unit roots and spatial cointegration, and via Monte-Carlo simulation I illustrate their implications for spatial regression. It is shown that spatial unit roots lead to spurious (spatial) regression, as in the well-known case involving time-series. Spatial cointegration is similar to its time-series counterpart, although I demonstrate that OLS estimation of spatial error-correction models is not consistent.     

明代青弋江流域佛教系统初探——以寺院的时空分布为中心

青弋江流域是广义江南的重要组成部分,明朝时期流域内佛教稳定发展。通过对方志资料为中心的数据统计,我们可以发现,明代青弋江流域内寺院的新建、重修呈现出较为明显的时空差异。在新建寺院方面,时间上集中于洪武、万历、崇祯三朝,空间上则以宣城所在的中游地区为核心;在重修寺院方面,时间上以正统之前居多,空间上仍以宣城、泾县较为集中。宣城、泾县成为明代青弋江流域佛教发展的中心地区,与其悠久的佛教传统、良好的佛教基础以及较高的社会经济发展水平密切相关。     

Mining Archaeology and Micro‐Raman Analysis Associated with ESEM‐EDX: Toward a Chrono‐Spatial Definition of Ore Consumption in a Pyrenean Medieval Workshop, 14th–16th Centuries

The rapid expansion of non‐ferrous metallurgy in the late Middle Ages (14th–15th centuries) enhanced ore demand, which was supported by mining intensification. Metallurgical workshops developed various supply strategies based on geological, political and economic constraints. This is particularly true for the Pyrenean multi‐metals workshop of Castel‐Minier (Ariège, France), where recent excavations unearthed an exceptional corpus of non‐ferrous ores. A specific analytical methodology combining micro‐Raman spectroscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray (ESEM‐EDX) was set up to study these artefacts. This composite methodology permitted the fast characterization of both mineral and gangue as well as a discussion of their economic potential. Ores identified were compared with ancient mines in neighbouring mining districts in order to sketch a geography of the mineral resources available to medieval metallurgists. Moreover, a chrono‐stratigraphic study of ore distribution in Castel‐Minier revealed the supply strategies, technological choices as well as spatializing of copper and lead metallurgies.