HOW DO BUILDINGS MEAN? SOME ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION IN THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE1

2 Juan Pablo Bonta, Architecture and Its Interpretation: A Study of Expressive Systems in Architecture (London: Lund Humphries, 1979), 232.
—Juan Pablo Bonta

3 Quoted in Andrew Ballantyne, “The Pillar and the Fire,” in What is Architecture?, ed. Andrew Ballantyne (London and New York: Routledge, 2002), 7.
—Ludwig Wittgenstein

     

Trinovantum — the evolution of a legend

One aspect of that legendary ‘British history’ which was accepted as fact almost without question by historical writers until the early seventeenth century, and in popular and literary tradition much longer, was the story of the foundation of London, as Trinovantum or ‘New Troy’, by a group of exiled Trojans, long before the Roman conquest of Britain. In considering the relevance of this medieval story to the problems of London's actual origin, this paper traces its sources and development. Ambiguities in the Latin of Julius Caesar and Orosius led later writers, including probably Bede, to assume that there had once existed a British city called Trinovantum. The British writers, represented by Nennius, invented a Trojan origin for their people on well-tried models. These two independent traditions were combined in the twelfth century by Geoffrey of Monmouth, who identified Trinovantum as Troia Nova, and made the further identification of this city with London. Later Londoners-were well aware of this ‘Trojan foundation’, and found in the story a source of pride and a reason for the pre-eminence of their city.     

Women and Pakistan International Airlines in Ayub Khan's Pakistan

ABSTRACT

This article weaves together several unique circumstances that inadvertently created spaces for women to emerge away from the traditional roles of womanhood ascribed to them in Pakistan. It begins by tracing the emergence of the Pakistan International Airlines as a national carrier that provided an essential glue to the two wings of Pakistan. Operating in the backdrop of nascent nationhood, the airline opens an opportunity for the new working women in Pakistan. Based on first-hand accounts provided by former female employees,¹1. Seven interviews were conducted with former female employees of PIA. This was part of a larger project funded by GHF. and supplementing it with official documents, newspaper reports and the advertising used for marketing at the time, it seeks to provide an illuminating insight into the early history of women in Pakistan. While the use of women as markers of modernity and propaganda is not new,²2. David Willmer, ‘Women as participants in the Pakistan movement: Modernization and the promise of a moral state’, Modern Asian Studies, xxx (1996), 573–90. here within the context of Cold War and American cultural diplomacy, the ‘modernist’ vision of the Ayub-era in Pakistan (1958–1969), and its accompanying jet-age provide a unique lens through which to explore the changing role of women. The article showcases a different approach to understanding the so-called ‘golden age’ of Pakistani history: a neglected area of the international history on Pakistan, which is far too often one-dimensional.³3. An exception being Khawar Mumtaz and Farida Shaheed, Women of Pakistan: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back? (London, 1987).     

Post conflict identities: Affiliations and practices of Somali asylum seeker children

Following the 2005 terrorist attacks on London it emerged that two of the terrorists charged with the failed 21st July bombings had arrived in the UK as child asylum seekers from East Africa. In the ensuing debate the bombers were represented as children that turned to hate. In this discussion paper we draw on empirical work conducted in Sheffield, UK to explore the identities, affiliations and practices of Somali asylum seeker children, aged 11–18.1 ¹This ongoing research is being funded by the ESRC Identities and Social Action Programme (Award No: RES-148-025-0028) View all notes Specifically, we argue that the actions of the two bombers need to be framed within a broader understanding of the complex processes of social identification that take place as young people negotiate what it means to be a child in the context of different ‘age’, gender and racialised expectations and against a backdrop of discrimination and social exclusion in different relational geographical spaces. We begin by outlining the context of UK immigration policy, before reflecting on dominant constructions of both childhood and asylum seekers. We then discuss how these may shape young refugee and asylum seekers' own narratives of the self and the role that their mobility and specific sites of identity formation may play in this process. In doing so, we contribute to children's geographies by addressing a group – refugee and asylum seekers – that has been neglected within the sub-discipline.     

Rookie on the Bench: The Role of the Junior Justice

When Samuel Alito took his seat on January 31, 2006, Stephen G. Breyer finally moved up a rung in seniority, ending the longest reign as a junior Justice in modern Supreme Court history. Breyer served as the rookie Justice for eleven years and 181 days, just twenty-nine days short of breaking the record achieved by Joseph Story in 1823. It was not until the appointment of Smith Thompson to replace Brockholst Livingston that the Marshall Court accommodated a new Justice, altering the cosy boarding-house living arrangement that had existed for nearly twelve years (see Table 1 ).

Table 1. Longest-Serving Junior Justices

The Madrasas of Oxford: Iranian Interactions with the English Universities in the Early Nineteenth Century

Against the background of the Russo-Persian wars of the early 1800s, the Iranian government sponsored a series of Iranian students to travel to the homeland of its erstwhile British allies in search of the new scientific and technological learning. Along with members of the Iranian embassies to London in the same period, the students were the first Iranians to acquire extensive and direct knowledge of British society as it entered the industrial era and the earliest to gain access (albeit short-lived) to the English universities. Yet in spite of the practical agenda of the students and their sponsors, on reaching Britain the students found it necessary to engage extensively with the evangelical and more generally religious agendas of their British co-operators. In reconstructing in detail the intellectual circles in which the Iranian students moved in England between 1815 and 1818, the article uncovers the series of religious negotiations that were a necessary part of Iran's early path to modernization.

In Oxford there are twenty big madrasas and five small madrasas they call “halls.”

Mirza Saleh Shirazi, 1818

     

A white‐hot liquid earth and geological time

EUROPE

Scotland, By IAN FINLAY. 7 1/4 X 4 1/2 in. Pp. vii+136. 10 illustrations. 4 maps. London : Oxford University Press, 1945. Price 3s. 6d.

Highland Holiday : Arran to Ben Cruachan. By W. A. POUCHER, F.R.P.S. Crown 4 to. Pp. 104. 76 photographs. 3 end‐paper maps. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1945. Price 18s.

Bath. By R. A. L. SMITH. Demy 8VO. Pp. 118. 84 illustrations. Map. London : B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1944. Price 12s. 6d.

Radnor Old and Neul. By W. H. HOWSE. With a Foreword by The Lord Rennell of Rodd. Demy 8vo. Pp. 54. Hereford : Jakemans Ltd., 1944. Price 41.

History of the Isle of Man. By R. H. KINVIG, M.A. Crown 8 vo. Pp. xv+240. 48 figs., including sketch‐maps. . End‐paper maps. London : (For the Manx Society) Oxford University Press, 1944. Price 5s.

Roman Panorama: A Background for To‐day. By HUMFREY GROSE‐HODGE, M.A. Crown 8vo. Pp. xviii+260. Frontispiece. 14 plates, ao text‐figures. 3 sketch maps. Cambridge : University Press, 1944. Price 8s. 6d.

Eastern Europe. By JOSEF HANG. Foreword by Jan Masaryk. Demy 8vo. Pp. 272. Sketch map. London : Museum Press Ltd., 1943. Price 12s. 6d.

The U.S.S.R.: A Geographical Survey. ByJ. S. GREGORY, B.A., F.R.G.S., and D. W. SHAVE, M.SC. Crown 8vo. Pp. 636. 72 figs. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1944. Price 21s.

Russia : A Concise History—from the Foundation of the State to Hitler's Invasion. By Louis SEGAL. . Crown 8vo. Pp. 26a. Illustrated. London: W. H. Allen and Co. Ltd., 1944. Price 8s. 6d.

ASIA

Verdict on India. By BEVERLEY NICHOLS. 8 x 5 1/4 inches. Pp.256. London : Jonathan Cape, 1944. Price 12s. 6d.

China Looks Forward. By SUN Fo. Demy 8vo. Pp.260. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1944. Price 12s. 6d.

China Among the Powers. By DAVID NELSON ROWE. Demy 8VO. Pp. x+205. 3 maps. New York : Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1945. Price $2.00.

AMERICA

Climate of Indiana. By STEPHEN SARGENT VISHER. Crown 4 to. Pp.511. 492 figs. 81 tables. Indiana University Publications, Science Series No. 13. Bloomington : Indiana University, 1944. Price $4.00.

Needle to the North: The Story of an Expedition to Ungava and the Belcher Islands. By ARTHUR C. TWOMEY in collaboration with NIGEL HERRICK. Demy 8vo. Pp. 335. Illustrated. London : Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1944. Price 25s.

Canadian North. By MALCOLM MACDONALD, P.C., M.P. Crown 8vo. xi+268. 20 illustrations. i map.’ London : Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, 1945. Price 10s. 6d.

The Aleutian Islands: Their People and Natural History (with Keys for the Identification of the Birds and Plants). By HENRY B. COLLINS, Jr., AUSTIN H. CLARK, and EGBERT H. WALKER. Med. 8vo. Pp. iv+131. ai plates. 8 figs. Smithsonian Institution War Background Studies No. 21. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1945.

OCEANIA

Fiji: Little India of the Pacific. By JOHN WESLEY COULTER. Med. 8vo. Pp. xiii+156. 5 maps. 1 graph. Chicago : University of Chicago Press ; London : Cambridge University Press. 2nd Impression, 1943. Price $2.00.

Geology of Lau, Fiji. By HARRY S. LADD and J. EDWARD HOFFMEISTER. Imp. 8vo. Pp. vi+_ 399. 62 plates. 41 figs. 118 bibliographical references. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum (Bulletin 181), 1945.

POLAR REGIONS

Plowing the Arctic. By C. J. TRANTER. Crown 8vo. Pp.256. Illustrated. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1944. Price 12s. 6d.

MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY

Civilization and Disease. By HENRY E. SIOERET. Med. 8vo. Pp. xi+255. 52 illustrations. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press; London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944. Price $3.75 or 2.2.S. 6d.

Climate Makes the Man. By CLARENCE A. MILLS, M.D., Ph.D. Crown 8vo. Pp. 186. London : Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1945. Price ys. 6d.

EDUCATIONAL

Global Geography. By GEORGE T. RENNER and Associates. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+728. Illustrated. New York : Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1944. Price $3.75.

Astronomical Air Navigation: A Comprehensive Handbook embodying the Latest Principles for Practical Navigators, Instructors and Students. By Squadron‐Leader RONALD HADINGHAM, R.A.F.O. With a Foreword by Air‐Commodore P. E. Maitland, M.V.O., A.F.C. Fcap 4to. Pp.

xii+151. 63 figs. 2 end‐paper (star recognition test) maps. London: The Technical Press Ltd., and ed., 1945. Price 12 S.

Le Canada par l'image. By BENOIT BROUILLETTE. Med. 8VO. Pp.114. 96 photographs. I map. Montreal : Libraire Beauchemin Limitee, 3rd ed., 1944. Price $1.00 (including postage).

GENERAL

The Naval Heritage. By DAVID MATHEW. Demy 8VO. Pp. xxiii+264. 8 illustrations. London‐: William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd., 1944. Price 12s. 6d.

Macpherson's Voyages. Edited by JOHN SCOTT HUGHES. Demy 8VO. Pp. xvi+197. 23 plates. 3 figs. 11 maps. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1944. Price 15s.

A Life of Travels. By C. S. RAFINESQUE. Being a verbatim and literatim reprint of the original and only edition (Philadelphia, 1836). Foreword by E. D. Merrill. Critical Index by F. W. Pennell. 10 1/4 x 6 3/4 inches. Chronica Botanica, 1944, 8 (2): 291–360. 5 illustrations. Waltham, Mass. : The Chronica Botanica Co.; London : Wm. Dawson and Sons Ltd., 1944. Price $2.50.

Gypsy in the Sun. By ROSITA FORBES. Demy 8VO. Pp.382. 55 illustrations. 7 maps. London; Cassell and Co. Ltd., 1944. Price 17s. 6d.

Camera at War. By F.‐Lt. HENRY HENSSER. Demy 8vo. Pp. 92. 49 illustrations. London : Jarrolds Publishers (London) Ltd., 1944. Price 12s. 6d.

Out of Old Fields. By ANNE BLAKEMORE. Crown 8vo. Pp. 288. 30 photographs. London and Redhill: The Lutterworth Press, 1944. Price 10s.     

An Altar from the Castle Chapel of Atlit and its Journey to the Church of all Hallows by the Tower,London

An altar currently positioned in the columbarium of the Church of All Hallows by the Tower, London, was thought to have originated from the Templar castle of Atlit. However, lack of relevant documentation resulted in this being regarded as a myth rather than a genuine piece of history. To add confusion, a Maltese Cross, associated with the Hospitaller Order of St John, was carved on the front of the altar's table top—the mensa.

Recently found documents reveal how this limestone altar was brought from the thirteenth-century Templar castle of Atlit and came into the possession of the church.     

Rethinking the Historical Genealogy of Orientalism

The publication of Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978 Said, E. 1978. Orientalism, New York: Random House.  [Google Scholar]) marked a paradigm shift in thinking about the relationship between the West and the non‐West. Said coupled his critique of European discourse on the Middle East to issues of representation generally, demonstrating that Western discourse on the Middle East was linked to power, trafficked in racist stereotypes and continually reproduced itself. Despite important achievements, the critique of colonial representations often appeared abstract and disengaged from its own history as well as the specific colonial histories it sought to explain. We contend that while colonial representations have been theorized, they have yet to be adequately historicized. To this end, we trace the genealogy of the critique of colonial forms of knowledge in Britain, France and the US from the mid‐1940s to 1978. We argue for the historicization of the critique of orientalism, and for a more philosophically adequate theorization of modernity in world history.     

Stimulated Variation and Cascades: Two Processes in the Evolution of Complex Technological Systems

Michael Schiffer’s theoretical and methodological contributions to archaeology are substantial. For the last two decades, Schiffer has become increasingly interested in the history of electrical technology, including portable radios, electric automobiles, eighteenth-century electrostatic technology, and, most recently, nineteenth-century electric light and power systems. Schiffer has long held a behavioral view, which focuses analytical attention on interactions between humans and material things, including complex technological systems (CTSs). For Schiffer, two key aspects of the evolution of CTSs are stimulated variation, defined as an increase in invention resulting from changing selective conditions, and cascading, defined as sequential spurts of invention that occur through the recognition of emergent performance problems in a CTS. To attain maximum usefulness, these concepts should be placed in a modern evolutionary framework that correctly identifies, and does not oversell, the role played by cultural selection. Research on individual and social learning provides the critical link between Schiffer’s stimulated variation and cascade models and the diffusion of CTSs.     

Chronicle for 2015

The information supplied by National Representatives has been supplemented from other sources. Readers are urged to send information, press releases, exhibition catalogues, etc., directly to the Chronicle Editor, Imago Mundi, 76 Ockendon Road, London N1 3NW, UK (tony@tonycampbell.info), so that the next Chronicle can be as complete as possible. Chronicle considers all information that is current or historical at its closing date. No forthcoming events are included.     

East End immigrants and the battle for housing: a comparative study of political mobilisation in the Jewish and Bengali communities

Twice in the recent history of the East End of London, the fight for decent housing has become part of a bigger political battle. These two very different struggles are representative of two important periods in radical politics – the class politics, tempered by Popular Frontism, that operated in the 1930s, and the new social movement politics of the seventies. In the rent strikes of the 1930s the ultimate goal was Communism. Although the local Party was disproportionately Jewish, Communist theory required an outward looking orientation that embraced the whole of the working class. In the squatting movement of the 1970s political organisers attempted to steer the Bengalis onto the path of black radicalism, championing separate organisation and turning the community inwards. An examination of the implementation and consequences of these different movements can help us to understand the possibilities and problems for the transformation of grass-roots activism into a broader political force, and the processes of political mobilisation of ethnic minority groups.     

The effect of population variation on the accuracy of sex estimates derived from basal occipital discriminant functions

Multiple discriminant functions that estimate sex from the dimensions of the basal occipital have been published. However, as there is limited exploration of basal dimension variation between groups, the accuracy of these functions when applied to archaeological material is unknown. This study compares basal dimensions between four known sex-at-death post-medieval European samples and explores how metric differences impact on the accuracy of sex assessment discriminant functions. Published data from St Bride’s, London (n = 146) and the Georges Olivier collection, Paris (n = 68) were compared with new data from the eighteenth to nineteenth century Dutch Middenbeemster sample (n = 74) and the early twentieth century Rainer sample, Romania (n = 282) using independent t tests. The Middenbeemster and Rainer data were substituted into six published discriminant functions derived from the St Bride’s and the Georges Olivier samples, and the results were compared to their known sex. Multiple statistically significant differences were found between the four groups. Of the six discriminant functions tested, five failed to reach the published accuracy and fell below chance. In addition, even where the samples were statistically comparable in means, trends for difference also impacted the accuracy of discriminant functions. Enough variation in basal occipital dimensions existed in the European groups to decrease the accuracy of sex estimation discriminant functions to unusable. Possible inter-observer error, varying genetic, socioeconomic, and geographical factors are likely causes of dimension variation. This research further highlights the dangers of using sex estimation discriminant functions on samples that differ to the original derivative population and demonstrates the need for more rigorous testing.     

马克思、恩格斯与伦敦世界博览会

1851年的伦敦世界博览会是历史上首次大规模的人类文明交流,引发了无产阶级革命导师的新思考,产生了一些新思想、新观念。马克思、恩格斯以敏锐的眼光看到了伦敦世博会的重要意义、所蕴藏的历史启示以及对人类文明的引领功能。他们坚决反对维利希、金克尔等为代表的极端政治流亡者以革命为儿戏,鼓吹暗杀与暴动。伦敦世博会后,马克思、恩格斯实现了从准备再次发动革命到为未来革命积蓄力量的策略转变。马克思认识到,当资产阶级社会的生产力正在蓬勃发展的时候,谈不到什么真正的革命。新的革命只有在新的危机之后才可能发生。     

Chronicle for 2017

The information supplied by National Representatives has been supplemented from other sources. Readers are urged to send information, press releases, exhibition catalogues, etc., directly to the Chronicle Editor, Imago Mundi, 76 Ockendon Road, London N1 3NW, UK (tony@tonycampbell.info), so that the next Chronicle can be as complete as possible. Chronicle considers all information that is current or historical at its closing date. Events after 2017 are not included.     

Integration and ethnic spatial concentration: the changing distribution of the Anglo-Jewish community

"This paper identifies the changing locational patterns of the Jewish community in Britain during the past century. Two major trends are identified. At the national level there has been movement out of many small provincial communities to the large urban centres, particularly Greater London and Manchester. Within the city, there has been movement out of the traditional inner city ghettos to the suburbs, thus reflecting the upward socio-economic mobility and integration of what was an immigrant group. Both these trends closely mirror the general patterns of population movement in Britain during the twentieth century." The lack of reliable data for the Jewish population is noted, and a methodology is suggested for identifying the changing locational patterns and intensity of Jewish community life. The method is applied to the case of Greater London.     

Population Control in the Troubled Present: The ‘120 by 20’ Target and Implant Access Program

In contrast to claims made by some, it is evident from recent, high‐profile family planning programmes that population control is not ‘history’, belonging to some troubled past. Rather, it persists in the troubled present alongside human rights and women's empowerment approaches. To make this argument, this article examines two family planning efforts which emerged from the 2012 London Summit on Family Planning: the ‘120 by 20’ target of Family Planning 2020 (FP2020), and the Implant Access Program (IAP). These examples illustrate population control practices in today's family planning programmes and highlight their serious implications. First, there are shortcomings in conceptualizing population control as largely in the past. Second, the ‘120 by 20’ and IAP examples suggest that FP2020 as a whole merits critical inquiry. Third, FP2020 raises issues of contraceptive safety regarding both the methods promoted and their mass dissemination. Finally, the claim that population control is history blocks productive re‐visioning of sexual and reproductive health and rights for all people as a development priority.     

London’s Olympic waterscape: capturing transition

The waterways of London are an essential component of the city, with the River Thames playing a prominent role in the heritage, history and identity of place. The upcoming 2012 Olympics are highlighting the Lea Valley waterways in east London as another important part of London’s waterscape, expanding London’s global presence as a ‘water city’. As part of the Creative Campus Initiative, we undertook a project based on the broad themes of water, London and the Olympics that would give voice to the changes taking place. The result is London’s Olympic Waterscape, a 20-minute film comprising both ‘expert’ interview material discussing broad themes and developments and an embodied record of our engagement with the Olympic area during a brief period in the construction process. The present article is about the journey we took through and around the east London ‘Olympic’ waterways as we attempted to capture this transitional moment on video.     

First bryozoan fauna from the middle Miocene of Central Java,Indonesia

Di Martino, E., Taylor, P.D., Fernando, A.G.S., Kase, T. & Yasuhara, M. 3 June 2019, 2019. First bryozoan fauna from the middle Miocene of Central Java, Indonesia. Alcheringa 43, 461–478. ISSN 0311-5518.

Despite the publication of several taxonomic studies during the last few years, our knowledge of bryozoans from the diversity hotspot of the Indo-West Pacific remains seriously deficient. Here we describe 11 bryozoan species, comprising two anascan- and nine ascophoran-grade cheilostomes, from the middle Miocene (Langhian–Serravallian) of Sedan in Central Java, Indonesia. Three ascophoran-grade cheilostomes, Characodoma multiavicularia sp. nov. Di Martino & Taylor, Stenosipora? cribrata sp. nov. Di Martino & Taylor and Lacrimula patriciae sp. nov. Di Martino & Taylor, are described as new species. All of the three extant species have an Indo-Pacific distribution today and two are here reported as fossil for the first time. Four species are left in open nomenclature, either because of the scarcity of available material or the absence of crucial morphological features. Two of these, placed in Cosciniopsis and Actisecos, are likely to be new, while Discoporella sp. represents the easternmost known record for this common free-living genus. A single species, Lacrimula asymmetrica Cook & Lagaaij, was already known from the early Miocene of the same region, although from a site further to the east.

Emanuela Di Martino* [e.di-martino@nhm.ac.uk], Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Paul D. Taylor [p.taylor@nhm.ac.uk], Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Allan Gil S. Fernando [agsfernando@yahoo.com], National Institute of Geological Sciences, The University of Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines; Tomoki Kase [neritopsis@gmail.com], National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan; Moriaki Yasuhara [yasuhara@hku.hk], School of Biological Sciences, Swire Institute of Marine Science, University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, PR China