以青森县为例的日本"满洲林业移民"探析

问题的提起 根据日本国策从1932年开始试验性地将“满洲农业移民”送往了“满洲国”．并从1936年开始正式大批派遣“开拓团”。此后,除了农业移民以外,青少年义勇军开拓民、铁道自警村开拓民、烟草开拓民、畜业开拓民、渔业开拓民、马产开拓民、商工矿开拓民、酪农开拓民、劳务开拓民、林业开拓民等移民也相继出现。这些开拓民到日本战败之前都被称之为半农开拓民。但是战后在日本国内外的“满洲移民”研究中几乎未提及林业移民的研究。这是由于在“满洲移民”中林业移民占据的比重很小。但是就林业移民本身而言却绝对不能小觑。     

日本“满蒙开拓青少年义勇军”考析

日本全面侵华后,由于战争规模扩大,导致兵源严重短缺。日本国内适龄移民被应征入伍,"满洲移民"的侵略计划受到严重影响。日本政府决定招募"满蒙开拓青少年义勇军",补充关东军兵源,确保日本侵略当局在东北的治安。青少年义勇军移民作为日本向中国东北"百万户移民"侵略计划的重要组成部分,不仅给中国人民带来灾难,也对日本人民产生很大影响。     

山田清三郎来"满洲"伊始的创作

1937年,日本悍然发动了全面侵华战争,为了达到长期霸占中国东北大好河山的目的。日本法西斯政权计划实施百万移民的殖民主义政策,大批日本开拓民伴随着军国主义的炮声,强占了中国农民的大片土地。为了顺应军国主义的侵略政策,很多转向的左翼作家来到中国,站在狭隘的民族主义立场上为日本帝国主义的强盗行径做吹鼓手或图解员,曾身为日本无产阶级艺术联盟委员长的山田清三郎便是其中典型的一例。自其1939年来中国东北伊始,便走上了一条背叛无产阶级革命事业的堕落的道路。甘心当一名日本殖民政权的走卒。     

“笔部队”：日本情报部门的侵华秘密武器

拿破仑曾说：一支鹅毛笔能抵三千毛瑟枪。日本人显然是深谙此道的。从明治时代（1868—1911）开始,无论是早期对“大东亚共荣圈”的鼓吹,还是后来“大陆开拓文学”对满洲移民侵略活动的粉饰,都可以看出日本文学家在军国主义思想及侵华“国策”的形成和实施中,所扮演的重要角色和所起的巨大作用。而在侵华战争时期,日本更是不遗余力地实施“文坛总动员”,召集大批文人、记者,组建了一支“笔部队”,发动声势浩大的“笔征”。这支表面上文质彬彬的“笔部队”与穷凶极恶的“枪部队”互相配合,双管齐下。“枪部队”在战场上源源不断地杀人     

日本“开拓团”在富裕县的历史真相

日本"开拓团"不仅是经济侵略和移民,而且是准军事集团,是日本武装侵略中国的后备力量,是殖民扩张政策的实际步骤。本文通过对日本在富裕县建立开拓团的移入过程、移民构成、移民作用及战败后对移民屠杀的深入调查,揭露日本建立"开拓团"的真实目的、侵略本质和其罪行,不忘日本的侵华历史。     

日本"满洲移民"战略意图新探

殖民主义者总是采用军事暴力手段对外扩张,抢占殖民地,以移民的形式来达到其经济掠夺和长期霸占的目的.日本帝国主义者也不例外.日俄战争之后,日本以继承沙俄在中国"南满"的权益,经营旅大租借地和"满铁"及其附属地为契机,便开始了移民侵略政策的实施."九一八"事变,日本武装占领中国东北地区,为日本向中国东北大力推行移民侵略政策创造了"千载难逢的良机".到抗战胜利以前,日本先后向中国东北推行了"武装移民"、"百万户移民"、"满蒙青少年义勇军"移民等"满洲移民"侵略政策,并将其列为日本政府的七大国策之一.日本"满洲移民"从表面上看是一场日本人口的大移动,但其背后却隐藏着险恶用心,其中以治安、国防的军事意图尤为突出.本文仅就日本"满洲移民"的军事战略意图加以探讨.     

日本"满洲移民"诸问题探讨

日本“满洲移民”是日本侵略中国的国策。“满洲移民”始于日俄战争后,至日本投降计40年。探讨“满洲移民”之源起,其直接提出为儿玉源太郎;制定移民策,阐明移民50万必要性的是后藤新平;提出20年向“满洲移民”百万人计划的则是小村寿太郎。移民分为两个时期,九一八事变前为一个时期,称早期移民;九一八事变后为第二个时期,1932～1936年为第一阶段称武装移民,1937～1941年为第二阶段,称国策移民,1941年开始第三阶段为移民崩溃阶段。“满洲移民”给中日两国人民特别是给中国东北人民带来了深重灾难,不仅使中国农民失去土地,被迫给日本移民当雇工,受尽其剥削,不仅肉体遭折磨,还受到精神上的摧残。日本的居民背井离乡,移来中国,幻想建立“第二祖国”,其后果是灾难重重,自食恶果。     

驳“虚构”论者对南京大屠杀事件的新攻击

驳“虚构”论者对南京大屠杀事件的新攻击高兴祖新一轮的斗争第二次世界大战后,国际法庭对日本战犯进行审判,日本军国主义发动侵略战争的真相逐步为公众所了解,日本知识界纷纷起来揭露战争的侵略本质。在这种情况下,一些旧军国主义分子虽心犹不甘,也不敢公开宣扬自己...     

以青森县为例的日本“满洲林业移民”探析

问题的提起根据日本国策从1932年开始试验性地将“满洲农业移民”送往了“满洲国”,并从1936年开始正式大批派遣“开拓团”。此后,除了农业移民以外,青少年义勇军开拓民、铁道自警村开拓民、烟草开拓民、畜业开拓民、渔业开     

歪曲日本侵略历史的“自由主义史观”

８０年代初,日本文部省教科书审定变本加厉,把侵略改为“进出”或“进入”,对“南京大屠杀”加上“在混乱中发生的”,“和战争行为区别不开”等限制……引起了中国、朝鲜等亚洲国家的强烈抗议。１９８２年７月２０日和２４日,中国《人民日报》发表短评,指出日本军国主义的侵略扩张给中国和其他亚洲国家人民也包括日本人民带来了深重灾难,日本的侵略不是它的内政,篡改日本侵略的历史也不是内政问题。并指出,承认不承认日本军国主义侵略中国的历史,是两国关系中的一个原则问题,要求日本政府纠正文部省篡改侵华历史的错误。日本各界…     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.