五四时期新美术运动述略

五四新化运动是中国近代史上一次思想化启蒙运动,作为社会化形态重要内容的美术,也被纳入这股时代洪流中。五四新化主倡们在高擎“学革命”旗帜的同时举起了“美术革命”的大旗,并以此为契机引发了中国近代史上一场轰轰烈烈的新美术运动。     

1958年农村的“新壁画运动”

"新壁画运动"和新民歌运动是"大跃进"运动中群众文化活动中的两项最重要的内容,而"新壁画运动"又是这场大规模的农村群众美术运动的中心,是群众性美术运动繁荣的标志。在1958年的"大跃进"运动中,全国各地掀起声势浩大的壁画创作活动。有些地方提出了"壁画化"的奋斗目标,号召要普及和实现"壁画县"、"壁画省"。     

吾所藏与国所藏——徐悲鸿的收藏与建立国家美术馆的理想

<正>徐悲鸿在中国近现代美术发展史上注定是要浓墨重彩进行书写的。他所提倡的中国画改良与油画的中国化问题,至今仍是中国美术发展进程中两个最重要的问题。其美术教育思想,奠定了中国写实主义美术教学体系的基础,影响了20世纪以来中国美术教育的发展方向。而他视作"悲鸿生命"的画作收藏,以及通过收藏建立国家美术馆的宏愿,也应一并写入中国近现代美术史。     

浅谈初中美术教学

“美术源于生活,为生活服务”。初中关术教学中,要让学生从熟悉的生活情境和感兴趣的事物出发,把生活问题美术化、美术问题生活化,以此激发学生的学习兴趣,为学生提供观察和实践美术的机会。同时,要让学生学会运用美术知识去解决生活中的问题,培养美术素养,体会到美术就在自己身边,感受到美术学习的趣味和作用,体验到美术的魅力。     

初中美术教学与生活

“美术源于生活,为生活服务”。初中美术教学中,要让学生从熟悉的生活情境和感兴趣的事物出发,把生活问题美术化、美术问题生活化,以此激发学生的学习兴趣,为学生提供观察和实践美术的机会。同时,要让学生学会运用美术知识去解决生活中的问题,培养美术素养,体会到美术就在自己身边,感受到美术学习的趣味和作用,体验到美术的魅力。     

论艺术设计类基础美术的感性化教学

艺术设计类的基础美术教学因为教育模式的老旧,在教学过程中仍然以理论和技法为主,忽略了感性化教学。而艺术设计是一个特殊的类别,生硬的教学理论只能解决艺术设计的基本能力,但从长期考量,只有培养学生的感性意识,对待事物的创造能力,才是加强基础美术教学的最佳方法。认识基础美术的感性教学,培养学生的右脑思维能力,才可以从根本上解决艺术设计类基础美术的感性化教学。     

试论伤痕美术中的女性形象

中国的女性形象很早就作为绘画的主要题材,随着时代的变化,中国女性的衣着、发型、生活状态和精神面貌也发生着变化。“文革”是一段特殊的历史,在这场政治风波中,女性形象被束缚在特定的“文革”模式中。相比“文革”时期的英雄化、戏剧化和主题化的女性形象,伤痕美术中的女性形象更侧重对现实生活中普通土性的关注,饱含了人们对已失的残酷青春的追忆,在一定程度上深化了女性的人性价值。把画面的主题扩及到女性,女性形象的自我回归,说明了艺术家对现实生活的憧憬,标志着一个新时代的到来。本文通过对“文革”后伤痕美术中的女性形象研究,从社会发展的角度探寻伤痕美术中的女性形象在时代发展中的进步性。     

“文革”时期的毛泽东塑像和像章

在“文革”中,中国美术界几乎所有没被打倒或批判的专业美术工作者和几乎所有的美术门类及艺术手段、方法,都参与了以毛泽东为题材的美术创作活动。在美术作品中宣传和歌颂毛泽东及其思想,在延安时期就已经开始,建国以后就更多了,然而真正达到高潮则是“在文化大革命”时期。在整“个文化大革命”中,从官方的正式报纸到民间的红卫兵美术报刊,以及在红卫兵美术展览中,毛泽东肖像创作成为主潮。毛泽东塑像在“文化大革命”中,遍及中国城乡的巨型毛泽东塑像给人留下了深刻的印象。吴非在《“忠字化”小忆》一文中描述:当时,不光是人人胸前要佩…     

自省与自觉关于中国美术观的建构

中国美术观的构建是需要从文化战略的角度出发,通过对美术理论的探究和实践进行整体构筑,并且对中国的美术史进行深刻的总结和分析,形成一种民族文化认同感之后,才能真正建立中国的美术观。而如何形成在一种民族文化认同感呢?这就需要一种自省与自觉的态度。其对自身文化有自信感、归属感,能够以一种自觉的心态去建筑时,中国美术观的建构就有了良好的基础。笔者从自省与自觉的角度,论述如何构建中国美术观。     

自省与自觉关于中国美术观的建构

中国美术观的构建是需要从文化战略的角度出发,通过对美术理论的探究和实践进行整体构筑,并且对中国的美术史进行深刻的总结和分析,形成一种民族文化认同感之后。才能真正建立中国的美术观。而如何形成在一种民族文化认同感呢？这就需要一种自省与自觉的态度。其对自身文化有自信感、归属感,能够以一种自觉的心态去建筑时,中国美术观的建构就有了良好的基础。笔者从自省与自觉的角度,论述如何构建中国美术观。     

License to judge: fleshing out expertise in cultural policy

This paper endeavours to examine different types of expertise in cultural policy. Unlike other conceptual studies, it focuses on the abstract notion of expertise i.e. the different forms of cognition and knowledge deployed in cultural policy, rather than the personage of an expert. The article proposes a distinction between arts expertise and technocratic expertise and employs five analytical categories within which they are discussed and compared with each other. Although a clear-cut differentiation seems impossible to achieve, the binary approach helps to shed light on how different forms of expert judgement in cultural policy can be framed and legitimised as well as how vulnerable they are to political influence and the concomitant pressure of the democratisation of policy-making.     

Re-thinking festivals: a comparative study of the integration/marginalization of arts festivals in the urban regimes of Manchester,Copenhagen and Vienna

Arts festivals have been on the ascendant since the 1980s. However, while these are proliferating, it remains unclear as to whether they are also flourishing. The present narrow construction of festivals for marketing and economic purposes tends to disregard the festivals’ social and cultural potential, i.e. in terms of functioning as urban laboratories where new and alternative urban and cultural strategies can be tested and developed. In order to address these imbalanced conceptualizations of arts festivals within urban policy frameworks, the article is based on a comparative case study of festivals that try to function as urban laboratories. By examining how these festivals are integrated in or marginalized by the urban regime, and how this influences their operational conditions, the research elucidates the need to create new and more holistic policy frameworks to chart an equitable path for the future development of arts festivals.     

The 2010 Cultural Olympiad: playing for the global or the local stage?

Increasingly, local cultural communities are called upon to support global mega‐events such as the Olympic games with the promise that this global occurrence is a ‘once in a lifetime opportunity’ for an urban artistic community. What evidence exists to support the premise that hosting a Cultural Olympiad provides a professional arts sector with positive and substantive legacies, sustained material and financial benefits, or increased national and international profile? Data collected on the Vancouver 2010 Cultural Olympiad suggest that the local arts sector did not enjoy any of the claimed global benefits. However, it is also clear that some arts organizations, by virtue of the artistic and operational decisions they took, were able to exert influence over and upon the outcome; this outcome ultimately depending on whether they elected to play for a global or a local stage.     

Book reviews

This paper focuses on cultural reproduction in arts festival settings. It begins by conceptualizing festival settings as places whose characters derive from a combination of both internally derived traits and a diverse series of interactions with other places. Drawing on case study research conducted in an arts festival setting in Galway in the Republic of Ireland, the discussion identifies how elements indigenous to the place connect and engage with external forces. The study found the process of interacting with other places to be complex, involving much negotiation and adaptation as locales became contexts for re-working an array of often conflicting ideals and influences. The paper concludes that while inevitable difficulties are faced as festivals negotiate the potentially standardizing forces of homogenization, it is only through continuous interaction with other places that local contexts realize their full potential.     

The process of privatisation of cultural heritage and the arts in Italy: analysis and perspectives

During the last decade, institutional changes in the cultural heritage sector triggered some fierce debate in Europe. This paper analyses the complex process of privatising cultural heritage and the arts in Italy, showing how the relationship between this process and urban regeneration policies is tacitly legitimising it, despite the harsh controversies it previously provoked. From a perspective of ‘territorialisation’ discussed in this paper, this policy process could enhance the involvement of the private sector, bringing to light new fields of research and application in the international heritage debate.     

Behind the scenes of public funding for performing arts in Italy: hidden phenomena beyond the rhetoric of legislation

This paper focuses on how Italian performing arts organizations were funded between 2003 and 2005. How does policy regulate the financing system for performing arts? What are the underlying logics that govern financing choices? In this paper the authors move beyond the simple examination of formal policies by analysing the funding data and organizational routines of the ministerial offices responsible for the allocation of grants. The authors implemented a multi‐method research methodology consisting of document analysis, in‐depth interviews, and quantitative analysis of funding data. The main findings can be summarized as follows. First, funds are continuously allocated to the same group of organizations. Second, although rigid, the system is imbued by a ‘rhetoric of the project’. Third, the system does not reward innovation. In conclusion, only by studying how the law is actually implemented can one capture the choices that underlie financing actions, and thus unravel unanticipated outcomes and inconsistencies between rhetoric and conduct.     

Collections of industrial and product design: a pathway for improved economic development connections among cultural institutions

This research investigates US cultural institutions housing collections of industrial and product design (IPD) and explores how IPD are collected, curated, and exhibited to uncover the barriers and opportunities that exist in connecting these collections to economic development. Based on key person interviews with nine institutions, this inquiry finds the collections generally are not externally integrated as a local or regional economic development asset. The full depths of these collections are somewhat concealed within the institutions because of their curation across departments or through a broader Decorative Arts lens. Using a framework of arts and culture research and development, this article argues that IPD collections represent an opportunity for greater engagement of cultural institutions in culturally oriented economic development strategies that pair their expertise and assets with those of the private sector.     

Going ‘mainstream’: evaluating the instrumentalisation of multicultural arts

This paper considers how debates over the instrumentalisation of the arts have informed the cultural production of an Australian arts organisation – Multicultural Arts Victoria (MAV). In an effort to make multicultural arts more ‘mainstream’, MAV has increasingly adopted market‐based rationales for its work – particularly the use of ‘audience development’ policy frameworks. It is easy to evaluate this marketisation of multicultural arts negatively as an acceptance of neoliberal policy agendas and as a weakening of its commitment to ‘cultural development’ goals. This paper suggests, however, via a critique of Ghassan Hage’s analysis of multiculturalism, that such accounts do not consider how economic rationales actually sit in practice with MAV’s other (cultural development) agendas. Such critiques, therefore, preclude an affirmative reading of the instrumentalisation of multicultural arts. An alternative analytical framework is proposed – one which can more readily account for multicultural arts as a set of practices informed by diverse agendas, and which acknowledges how such practices might both contest and converge with official government policies.     

The production of borders in nineteenth-century Europe: between institutional boundaries and transnational practices of space

The article proposes a synthesis of the major historical works on nineteenth-century European borders. Founded on an original methodological approach, the article advances a rethinking of the concept of ‘territoriality’ traditionally attributed to the rise of modern nation-states. The innovative method adopted is based on combining the focus on spatiality in recent historiography – especially in global history – with the categories and the ethnographic method developed within the border-studies field. The analysis is conducted in two directions. The first focuses on ‘borders’, specifically on some border-creation processes developing throughout the European continent. The second is more centred on European ‘borderlands’, conceived as trans-state and trans-national regions, mainly linked to the space's well-established social practices, familial and economic networks and religious experience. On the one hand, the article highlights how nineteenth-century borders were not simply the product of an institutional decision performed by emerging nation-states, but also the result of an interactive dialectic between state institutions and social actors inhabiting the borderlands. On the other, it shows how the borderlands as cross-border territorial entities continued to exist alongside the new territorial state limits, helping shape a more complex European spatiality than traditionally stated.     

PUBLIC GOVERNANCE OF ARTS ORGANISATIONS IN SWEDEN: STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS

The article investigates public governance of arts organisations in Sweden by examining the relationship between these public principals and arts organisations and by illustrating how this connection affects the strategic action of individual arts organisations. Two case studies provide the basis for the analysis: Nationalmuseum, the national museum of older fine art and crafts located in Stockholm, and Edsvik konst och kultur, a kunsthalle, or gallery, located in the municipality of Sollentuna. The article concludes that public governance does affect strategic planning and action in the individual arts organisation by presenting it with opposing logics of control and evaluation and by creating economic and political vulnerability for the organisation through budget and management controls.