Development of the Internet in Russia: Preliminary Observations on Its Spatial and Institutional Characteristics

A geographer specializing in the emerging information-technology sector of the Russian economy presents an exploratory overview of the "widening" and "deepening" of Internet use in Russia during the 1990s and early years of the 21st century. Separate sections of the paper examine the main stages of Internet development in the country to date, explore regional differences in Internet access and use, and outline progress in the installation of surface telecommunications (including fiber optic) trunklines and intra-city networks. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L86, L96, O32. 3 tables, 17 references.     

Observations on the Costs of the Yukos Affair to Russia

A prominent senior British specialist on the Russian economy reviews some consequences of the Russian state's dismemberment and partial re-nationalization of the Yukos oil company. The implications for state interventionism of Russia's engagement in international markets are assessed, and the effects of market feedbacks to Russian policymakers analyzed. Also considered is the question of whether Russian economic structure is changing in ways that could lessen the vulnerability of business to state action. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F21, F23, F32, L71. 4 figures, 1 table, 16 references.     

Geographic and Historical Observations on the Future of a Federal Russia

A paper assessing prospects for the future of federalism in Russia investigates geographic and other factors that historically have either promoted or inhibited the unity of the Russian state. Among the major factors complicating the process of forging a new federal relationship among Russia's central government, republics, and oblast-level units, the paper focuses on the question of the Russian state's legitimacy, the only partial character of democratization, limited experience with constitutional federalism, and contradictions between individual and ethnic rights. 2 tables, 19 references.     

马来西亚华商中小企业发展研究

本文分殖民时期、独立建国时期、新经济政策实施时期、国家经济管制淡化时期和金融危机以后五个阶段,分析马来西亚华商中小企业的发展状况及影响其发展的政策因素。作者认为,华商中小企业一直是马来西亚华人经济的基础,是马来西亚民族经济的最基本成份之一,在推动国家经济发展过程中起着不可替代的作用,应加强对这一问题的研究。     

浅谈浙江民营企业文化

现阶段以浙江为代表的民营企业发展缺乏强有力的文化支撑,这直接影响到民营企业的可持续发展。为此,民营企业只有借助企业文化建设,提升企业凝聚力、影响力和竞争力,打造跨越式发展的新优势,才能使企业持续、健康发展,在激烈的竞争中立于不败之地。     

The Clean Energy Dilemma in Asia: Observations on Russia and China

Two American economic geographers and prominent specialists, respectively, in the energy industries and resources of Russia and related economic developments in China, evaluate and supplement the material presented in the preceding paper on the clean energy dilemma in Asia (Wilbanks, 2008). The paper covers changes in the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth globally as well as in Russia and China, Russian oil and gas exports to Asia (more specifically to China), the development of energy resources and production in China, and energy intensities in both countries.     

“五反”运动后的政策调整对私营工商业的影响

"五反"运动后,私营工商业在公私关系、劳资关系等方面产生了一些新的矛盾和问题,影响了生产和经营,党和政府及时采取措施进行了调整。通过调整,不仅使私营工商企业的劳资关系普遍得到了改善,而且还使私人资本主义经济发生了巨大而深刻的变化,出现了新的因素,从而为实现从新民主主义经济向社会主义经济的平稳过渡创造了有利条件。     

日本地域内中小企业发展问题初探

20世纪70年代初期,由于受到第一次石油危机的影响,日本从高速经济增长时期进入到安定经济增长时期,经济管理体制从传统中央集权模式向地方分权模式转变,经济发展进入到了“地域经济时代”。与此相对应,日本中小企业也由高速增长时期,进入到了安定发展时期,中小企业的创业与经营也由如何为大企业进行配套到如何开发与挖掘地域经济形态上来。我国是人口众多、国土面积庞大的国家,地区经济发展不平衡已经成为国民经济发展中的主要问题之一。…………     

Tourism Development in Small Islands Across the World

ABSTRACT This study develops the Tourism Penetration Index and applies it to 51 islands. The results confirm the most penetrated comprise Caribbean, Mediterranean and Northern Pacific islands typified by large resorts, crowding, short stays and the replacement of man‐made attractions for lost amenities. The least penetrated islands comprise mainly Pacific and Indian Ocean destinations characterized by small facilities, long stays, and limited infrastructure. The intermediate islands primarily fall into two groups: Caribbean islands advancing to the high‐density stage, and other destinations experiencing rapid growth and resource conflicts. The study concludes with planning implications and suggestions for further research.     

改革开放初期河北省高阳县社队企业转型和农村私营企业兴起的考察

20世纪70年代末80年代初,在国家政策扶持下,社队企业在集体所有制下实现了较快发展。农业实行包干到户之后,社队企业迅速转型,或直接转化为个体、私营企业,或实行了各种形式的责任制。社队企业转型与农村私营企业兴起之间有着密不可分的关联,前者成为后者的起点。社队企业向农村私营企业的转型为以后城镇中小型企业转型积累了宝贵的经验和教训。     

19世纪中期俄国发展道路选择问题探讨

19世纪中期在俄国发展道路问题上的斗争并非是普鲁士式道路和美国式道路之争,因为当时俄国并不存在走美国式道路的选项。人数极少的激进革命派鼓动农民革命的目的是要实现具有空想性质的村社社会主义。农民运动在本质上是自发的、无组织的力量,不具有资产阶级性质。新兴的俄国资产阶级自由主义运动不能左右发展道路的选择,因而力促政权进行改革。沙皇政权在发展道路选择问题上具有决定性作用,它采取了相对独立的政策,既没有听命于保守贵族,也没有容忍革命运动和农民运动,而是坚持进行由政权主导的自由主义性质的改革,使俄国走上了资本主义道路。     

Small is not Necessarily Beautiful: An Evaluation of Policy Support for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Australia

One of the key strategies of the current Commonwealth government in Australia is to promote a dynamic entrepreneurial culture by improving the business environment for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This paper evaluates the contribution of SMEs to innovation and employment in Australia and reviews the international evidence on the value of SMEs. It concludes that a very small percentage of SMEs are responsible for most of the employment generation and innovation in the small-firm sector. The policy implication is that general deregulatory measures designed to support SMEs as a generic class are likely to create an environment within which low-quality, low-wage employment is generated in SMEs with little future. Instead, the sectoral composition of industrial activity and the social structures and relationships within which firms are embedded require greater policy attention.     

Urban Development Projects in Moscow: Market/State Relations in the New Russia

Major political and economic changes have taken place in Russia and these have impacted on the nature of development projects. This paper explores the three largest projects in Moscow that have been built or planned in recent years; the Manezh Square shopping development, the rebuilding of the Christ the Saviour Cathedral and the planned international office quarter 'Moscow City'. These projects are analysed in the context of the changing relationship between politics and the market. In the conditions of the New Russia market principles have been deployed in a particular way and the public-private relationship has taken on a distinctive form.     

青海省个体私营经济发展研究

改革开放以来,青海省个体私营经济得以较快发展,已成为全省国民经济的重要组成部分。针对目前非公有制经济比重过低,发展尚不充分等问题,今后应进一步解放思想,调整经济结构,制定优惠政策,创造良好环境,深化改革,促进发展。     

全俄统一市场究竟形成于何时

十月革命后的苏联,历史学家常常有意无意地成为官方对以往注释的简单注释者和说明者。有关17世纪俄国市场说就是图解列宁一些论述的典型例子,但也有一些勇于进取的苏联学者靠扎扎实实的研究,对此作出了重要修正,令人信服地证明了有关18世纪末俄国国内统一市场形成的问题。     

Observations on the China-Nepal Border

BACKGROUND:The China-Nepal border extends for 1400 kilometers with a total of 79 general markers and 98 border wood markers that are stretched over seven counties as well as the Ngari