他山之石--随中国文物代表团赴法国、西班牙考察世界文化遗产侧记

作作为中国物代表团成员,访问了法国、西班牙世界化遗产,观感颇多,本对此作了介绍。     

文化遗产 文化自觉 文化建设——追寻中国文化遗产事业的发展历程

文物古迹是过去文化的载体,文化既是不同人们共同体在特定时空中适应环境与社会的结晶,也是人类曾经的生存可能性的记录,因此,文化遗产是发展的智慧资源而非包袱。改革开放以来我们对文物与文化遗产及其价值的认识有一个不断拓展和提高的过程,经历了由古玩、文物到全民性的文化遗产自觉的演变。正确认识和处理不同文化及历史文化遗产,既是作为文明古国的中国发展过程中无法避开的选择,也是全球化、信息化时代古今中外文化大会面时代人类和谐共处、共同繁荣的前提性要求。     

Heritage in Palestine: Colonial Legacy in Postcolonial Discourse

This essay addresses the need to look into ‘postcolonial’/‘post-Oslo’ Palestine heritage discourses and practices to uncover commonalities and divergences. These practices and discourses, I claim, tell a story about hidden codes of subjectivity while revealing the setbacks of postcolonial heritage discourses in a ‘postcolonial era’. I show that the Palestinian ‘postcolonial’ heritage polices and preservation practices echo colonial discourses in terms of approach, legal framework and end results. My premise is built on a long engagement with governmental and non-governmental heritage organisations as well as the literature on the topic that shows heritage discourses and practices implicated within the specific narrative that they are destined to (re) produce. I claim that postcolonial approaches to the material culture, consciously and unconsciously, reproduce the colonial situation and while the impetus towards preservation itself is a symptom of postmodernity, it is still carried out in a modernist spirit. Throughout my analysis, I show that what spills out from the heritage discourses, as well as the unintended consequences of heritage practices are worth considering in any analytical approach of heritage discourses.     

科学建构非物质文化遗产理论体系——非物质文化遗产相关概念和若干专业问题的再思考

民众对非物质文化遗产的认识越来越深入,但是概念及若干专业问题还有待厘清。非物质文化遗产没有"缓冲区",不具"唯一性"而具"游移性",非物质文化遗产中"文化空间"与作为非物质文化遗产组成部分的"一般场所"是不相同的概念,遗产的评定不受"生源地"所限。保护"非物质文化遗产"的规范性文件中使用"代表性"或"代表作"有其立法用意,非物质文化遗产法与知识产权法保护的客体(对象)既有相同点也存在区别,而"非物质文化遗产"与"非物质文化遗产产品"也是完全不一样的概念。     

历史、文化遗产及其背后的系统——以世界文化遗产保护为中心

作为以有形文化遗产为主的历史、文化遗产,其背后都存在着不易被发觉的社会经济体系、以及传统礼仪与习惯等无形文化遗产。以世界文化遗产保护为例,以社会经济体系为切入点,文化遗产保护工作者既可以对历史、文化遗产的"真实性""完整性"与"文化景观"等概念作出阐释,又可探讨人们对历史、文化遗产的认知及思考方法。     

物质文化遗产的非物质性与非物质文化遗产的物质性认同

文化遗产是人类创造的文明结晶,物质文化遗产包含着精神内涵,非物质文化遗产必然依托于物质载体。文化遗产兼具物质性和非物质性两种因素:物质文化遗产与非物质文化遗产相互依存、互相作用。认清两种文化遗产之间的区别和联系,对于文化遗产的保护具有理论指导作用。     

三普新视角关注被过去忽视的文化遗产类别

三普成果中出现了一大批和人们的印象中与遥远,古老无关的文物类型,从古物到文物,再到文化遗产,概念的变化反映着人们对文化遗产认识的深化和发展。工业遗产、乡土建筑,20世纪遗产、文化线路、文化景观等概念不断被提出,在普查过程中,这些新的理念得到了充分重视,各地也积极开展新类型文化遗产的专题调查,北京、天津、河北、黑龙江、吉林、山东、江西、湖北等省(市)组织了工业遗产专题调查:湖南、云南、贵州、四川、西藏、青海、甘肃、宁夏等省(区)开展了文化线路遗产调查。     

Kosovo: Cultural Heritage in Conflict

Abstract

The secession of territory represents a unique challenge in the protection of cultural heritage in conflict. The declared independence of Kosovo has considerable implications for international cultural heritage. This paper focuses on the deliberate destruction of examples of historic architecture such as De?ani Monastery and Hadum Mosque as a means of contextualizing the nature of heritage in conflict with respect to international cultural heritage law. It offers a preliminary examination of aspects of cultural heritage in conflict, particularly in regard to the secession of territory and how it applies to historic monuments. The aim of this paper is two-fold: to address the considerations of immovable cultural property within the borders of Kosovo; and to utilize the examples of Visoki De?ani Monastery and Hadum Mosque to highlight the significance of cultural property in conflict.     

Cultural Tourism: Marketing Challenges and Opportunities for German Cultural Heritage

Because of the generally precarious state of public finance in Germany, at federal, state and community levels, expenditure for cultural purposes is being reduced constantly. Therefore, cultural institutions such as heritage sites are virtually compelled to find additional sources of funding to improve their financial situation and ensure their long‐term survival. One of the more suitable means of increasing the revenue situation on an ongoing basis is to improve and expand the cultural tourism offerings. Despite this significance of cultural tourism, an empirical study established that German heritage sites have by no means exploited the real potential of cultural tourism in a comprehensive manner. Thus, the objective of this paper is, on the basis of a well‐founded delineation of the concept and demand‐side situation, to demonstrate the potential success factors for developing cultural tourism and to do so from a marketing perspective.     

Environment and Cultural Heritage in China: Introduction

The transformation of the natural and built environment over the past three decades has left China with a legacy of environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity. The loss of cultural heritage, including cultural forms associated with the natural ecology, has been just as dramatic. The three studies in this special focus section of Asian Studies Review explore significant issues in environmental conservation, cultural heritage, and grassroots activism in urban and rural China, with an emphasis on the relationship between the natural environment, the transmission of traditional cultural forms, and localised forms of agency or activism. As discussed here, while China's discourse on these issues is strongly influenced by global norms, different regions of China are developing their own individual responses to environmental conservation, the protection of biodiversity, and the ongoing transmission of endangered cultural forms.     

传承和共享:文化遗产保护的双重伦理向度

遗产本质上具有伦理性,在历史主义保护传统中隐含着以传承为中心的伦理向度;同时,当代遗产保护运动中"人类遗产"理念和传承共同责任,又提升了遗产的公共性,揭示出了遗产保护中的当代共享向度。在历史主义保护占据主导地位的情况下,当代人在遗产面前的主体共享诉求相对不足,近些年国际国内对这种现象有较多的批评和反思。在需要满足当代人共享愿望又不能废弃传承伦理向度的情况下,创新保护理念和方式,在利用中实现"文化再生产"也许是文化遗产保护的有效途径。     

Intersectionality and the Construction of Cultural Heritage Management

From an intersectional perspective, this article will identify, critically analyse and deepen the understanding of how the social categories gender, class, ethnicity and nationality are inscribed and interlinked in the official narratives performed by the public actors in the field of cultural heritage management. This article will analyse the contemporary discourse of the official institutional cultural heritage management actors, with special emphasis on Protection Orders made by the Directorate for Cultural Heritage in Norway. It is important to analyse this kind of material because it can bring new knowledge and raise the level of awareness of the construction of identities that are present at a structural national level of representation. This has the potential to increase the understanding of how the societal feeling of being Norwegian is created, which in a strange way seems to have striking similarities to the representations of national identities in other Western countries.     

文化遗产和旅游的可持续发展

旅游业给遗产保护与遗产地管理带来了机遇与挑战。旅游业对维护文化和自然遗产价值,对社会、当地群众及非物质文化遗产均有影响,也给当地遗产设施发展与保护带来机遇。联合国教科文组织始终致力于文化与自然遗产的保护与弘扬工作,开创有前瞻性的旅游业,承认文化多样性原则,强调旅游业在促进遗产保护等方面的有效作用。其创意城市网络主推的"善行旅游",严格遵循原真性与完整性的原则,通过对世界文化遗产、纪念碑、历史建筑、国家公园、博物馆等各类景区定期评估,提升公众关于新旅游产品及旅客稀少遗址的意识,提升参观者体验感受等多种行动,改善人群福利,保护自然和文化遗产,促进经济和社会发展,从而有利于文化遗产保护与旅游业可持续发展。     

Local Resources,Global Heritage: An Introduction to the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

On January 2, 2009, the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage entered into force, setting an international precedent for the protection and preservation of underwater archaeological resources and providing guidelines for site management and responsible investigation. Historically, submerged cultural resources, particularly shipwrecks, have been exploited primarily for their potential monetary value. Over the last 50 years archaeologists have challenged this perception, demonstrating the cultural and scientific value of submerged cultural resources.     

三普更新中国文物格局

历时5年,近15亿元经费投入,近5万名普查队员,近80万处新登记不可移动文物……一连串的数字代表着第三次全国文物普查沉甸甸的成果。从2007年4月国务院下发《关于第三次全国文物普查的通知》开始,全国各地区,各相关部门和各级普查机构,科学组织,统筹协调,密切配合,克服了许多难以想象的困难,共登记不可移动文物766722处。作为一次由国务院部署的重大国情国力调查,三普是当前我国最大规模文化遗产保护工程,对我国文化遗产保护事业和经济社会发展全局将具有重要意义。