Preserving Archaeological Remains In Situ: Three Case Studies in Trentino,Italy

Abstract

The paper presents the results of the restoration and conservation work which has been carried out in three archaeological areas in the Autonomous Province of Trento. The areas, which have been opened to the public for more than ten years, are the open-air archaeological site of Monte S. Martino, Roman Tridentum (an underground site under the historical city centre of Trento), and Fiavé (a pile dwelling site in a peat bog). These areas present very different environmental characteristics and have therefore required different interventions according to their speci?c situation.

In order to reduce maintenance and extraordinary costs, appropriate conservation of the archaeological remains is required. This consists of methodologies of conservation according to the characteristics of the environment; continuous monitoring systems and indirect preventive intervention; and annual maintenance planning.     

乡村振兴视野下侨乡的转型发展——以闽南澳头侨乡为例的分析

论文梳理了海外移民与闽南澳头侨乡传统文化景观的形成与传承,分析了乡村振兴背景下侨乡文化景观的多元拓展。在乡村振兴等国家战略背景下,各地侨乡都获得了前所未有的发展动力。在以厦门为核心的闽南区域现代化和城市化进程中,澳头侨乡活用涉侨历史文化遗存,持续以活态、动态积累而形成多重性的文化景观,如闽南古建、番仔楼、妈祖信仰等。近年来,澳头以乡村振兴政策为推动侨乡转型发展的新动力,充分发挥侨乡开放包容的优势,多元活用各种涉侨人文景观,从海港侨乡逐渐发展为国际化侨乡小镇。澳头的转型发展为进一步拓展侨乡研究提供了一个重要的案例,为长时段的侨乡文化研究提供了新的视角。     

福建学与东南亚福建学：个案透视与学术建构

本文从个人经历、个案透视与学术建构三个方面,探讨福建学与东南亚福建学的内涵与意义。作者认为,福建学不仅是把“福建”作为一个区域地理与行政单位来研究和分析的学术范畴;更重要的是,“福建”更多地是作为地缘政治经济与社会文化单位来研究的范畴。而东南亚福建学,无疑与福建、福建学密切相关。个体层面上,它是以东南亚福建人为研究主题和主要分析单元的学问。但在更大的理论架构和学术关怀层面上,它同时有对福建学、汉学甚至东南亚研究等整体性关联和参照的终极考量,无论该关联和参照是比较性的、地方性的抑或是分析性的。     

跨国迁移对农村留守妇女婚姻家庭生活的影响——基于福建省明溪县H村的个案研究

论文基于质性研究方法,以人口国际迁移现象比较突出的明溪县H村为研究个案,从家庭收支特征、家庭地位、婚姻生活状态和社会支持网络等方面考察和分析了丈夫跨国迁移对农村留守妇女婚姻家庭生活的影响。研究结果显示,丈夫出国使家庭条件和物质生活得到改善,推动了农村妇女家庭地位的改善,电话联系弥补了夫妻空间分离造成的负面影响,但丈夫缺位使留守妇女承担了多重责任,婚姻品质和社会生活也因为丈夫出国而改变。与此同时,留守妇女的消费结构和消费观念并没有因为丈夫出国而发生明显的改变,社会生活支持网络并未弱化,仍是传统的亲属网络。     

权力关系、社区空间与乡村旅游利益获取——基于福建省泰宁县五个乡村社区的实证研究

权力关系主导着社区空间的生产及其利益分配。旅游规划作为一种权力工具,引发乡村社区空间的等级秩序发生变化,使乡村社区权力和利益分配出现新的非均衡发展的空间格局。旅游开发中政府权力主导的房屋拆迁、土地征用等介入方式可能导致乡村社区丧失旅游空间生产控制权。权力关系影响下的乡村社区与旅游生产的空间关联性、乡村社区的旅游参与性决定着社区居民的旅游利益。本文对福建省泰宁县的五个乡村旅游社区的调查研究证实了以上观点。     

Nydam Mose: In Situ Preservation at Work

Abstract

The site of Nydam Mose saw the beginning of systematic research into in situ preservation of waterlogged archaeological sites on land at the National Museum of Denmark. In the past fifteen years a generic approach to in situ preservation of archaeological sites has been developed based on this research. This article is primarily a review of this generic approach, summarizing the methods and results with particular reference to the published results from the investigations in Nydam Mose.     

三元结构与中国乡村城市化模式选择

二十多年的改革开放使我国经济发展取得了长足进步,但作为现代化的一个重要标志,城市化在我国却依然举步维艰。城市分割,既对农村雪展造成伤害,也不利于城市本身的长远进步。可以说,没有大量的劳动力从农村转移出来,就不会有中国的真正现代化。因此,这一问题的核心不是中国要不要城市化,而是采取何种方式城市化。本要探讨的 问题正在于此。     

Inter-Firm Linkages and Regional Impact of Transnational Corporations: Company Case Studies from Shanghai, China

By undertaking two company case studies in Shanghai, this article reveals that the actual regional impact of direct investment from TNCs is much greater than FDI data themselves may indicate. Such impact extends far beyond foreign invested enterprises (FIEs) as well as the invested regions. The joint venture with the local side controlled by a regional government tends to have fewer suppliers from other regions than the other with the local side owned by a state ministry. Through the extensive linkage networks with FIEs, industrial growth, technology transfer, management improvement and job creation have been indeed spread over many domestic enterprises. The government in the relevant region should employ proper measures to develop these linkages, especially in regions that have difficulties in attracting TNC investment. The two companies studied mirror the general situation in the automotive and the electronics industries, respectively. Further study on the indirect supply linkages with FIEs appears inviting.     

In Situ Preservation of Ancient Floor Mosaics in Turkey

Abstract

As stated in the Burra Charter (1979) ‘A building or work should remain in its historical location. The moving of all or part of a building or work is unacceptable unless it is the sole means of ensuring its survival’. This statement has been neglected many times during rescue excavations in Turkey (e.g. Zeugma), whereas the destruction of ancient floor mosaics caused by lifting, especially when carried out by incompetent or inexperienced personnel at systematic archaeological excavations, has steered the authorities desire to preserve them in situ. However, due to the lack of conservation professionals and insufficient resources for conservation, it becomes a difficult issue to provide an effective preservation scheme for archaeological excavations. This paper aims to discuss this important issue in terms of the national legislation, preventative and interventive conservation approaches at various sites, exhibition and maintenance of mosaics, as well as the training of conservation technicians in Turkey.     

考古材料所记录的福建"买地券"习俗

福建地区现有的大部分居民,主要渊源于中原、北方汉民(严格地说是外省汉民)的不断南迁和繁衍,以及与“重巫尚鬼”的闽越土著(先住民)长时段的族群融合。两晋至唐宋时期,中原、北方汉民的移居入闽,较大规模有三次,并形成相应的地     

福建漳平奇和洞遗址的骨制品

奇和洞遗址是福建境内三普期间发现的最重要的遗址之一,洞口沉积物系列从晚更新世末期至全新世早期,出土的69件骨制品中,旧石器时代3件,新石器时代早期66件。对骨制品进行的统计、观察表明:制作骨制品一般都要根据所需工具的要求选择不同厚度和不同位置的骨骼作原料,经过敲击(或劈裂骨骼)、取坯(挑选适合的坯件)、整形、磨制等工序;时代越晚,骨制品数量越多,制作工艺水平也从粗糙、简单逐渐发展到成熟、规整、美观。骨制品的出现是人类工具改革的重要里程碑,标志着人类在获取食物资源方面有了更多的手段。     

Architecture,Power, and Communication: Case Studies from Ancient Nubia

Monumental architectural remains are among the most impressive relics of the ancient civilizations. Of course, this is also true for ancient northeast Africa. In this contribution, monumental architecture is considered not just as a static marker and manifestation of power, often embedding the state itself in the landscape, but as a location, a setting for performing public activities which are producing and replicating social relations. Some case studies of the Kerma and Meroitic cultures of ancient Nubia are discussed. Hypotheses on the ceremonies taking place are proposed.     

本土史学与中国话语:《清代山东经营地主的社会性质》的对外流播及其影响

在马克思主义唯物史观指导之下,1959年山东大学青年教师景甦和罗仑出版《清代山东经营地主的社会性质》一书,探讨了中国农业资本主义萌芽问题。该书从生产关系的研究角度,着眼山东乡村并专注农民阶级,从内部提炼区域社会发展的历史方向,彰显了近代中国区域发展的差异性以及乡村历史的独特性,在利用本土史学资源的基础上形成了具有中国特色的学术话语。该书还借用田野调查扩充史料来源,重视计量分析在史学上的运用,朴素地显示出史学与社会科学相结合的跨学科研究趋向。该书外译英文后,为西方学者推重,并对后者产生涵容互摄的学术影响。该书所体现出的立足本土史学并形成中国学术话语的治学风格,在中外学术交流频仍的当今富有借鉴意义。     

农村居民的旅游态度和出游特征研究--以湖南省为例

作者对湖南省浏阳市、华容县、新宁县和凤凰县四个代表样地的农村居民共1200人(户)，进行了闲暇旅游特征调查，详细分析了1077份有效样本。结果表明，农村居民旅游存在一般特征和地区的差异性。一方面，农村居民出游率不高，在旅游的动机上则表现为出游欲望普遍较高，但出游目的和旅游行为层次仍较低；另一方面，各地旅游特征存在差异，旅游认知和出游程度与当地旅游开发程度和经济水平成一定的正相关。文章最后对深入培育农村旅游市场提出了几点建议。     

中国东南地区大遗址保护的可行性方法——以江苏为例

大遗址保护一直是我国乃至世界范围内文物保护领域中的难题。江苏大遗址众多,文化内涵丰富,目前保存的大遗址均不同程度地遭受着各种因素的威胁,尤其是受人为因素影响较大,由此形成了江苏大遗址保护的地域(东南地区)特色。近年来,江苏通过古城墙、明祖陵、扬州城遗址、青墩遗址等成功的保护实践,及休闲绿地型、城区系列博物馆型等大遗址保护的尝试,探索出法律保护、规划保护、准则保护、过程保护及利用保护等管理和技术并用的可行性方法。该方法也将对东部沿海人多地少、经济发达地区具有普遍指导意义。     

福建汀州城市历史地理的初步研究

汀州初置于唐中期,设治初期治所曾屡有变动,至大历十四年(779年)以后稳定在今长汀县城关镇。唐代汀州城已建有子城、罗城双重城郭,而长汀县治则居于汀州城外;至宋代,城外街区又得到长足发展,城市规模不断扩大;明中期,先于汀州府城郭南垣外另筑新城,作为长汀县城,复拆除二城间城垣,将府、县城合而为一。在汀州城市发展及形态演变历程中,军事政治控制与商业发展需求交替发挥着主导作用。     

目的地居民对旅游影响的评价研究——来自山东省的实证检验

运用Ap和Crompton（1998）提出的旅游影响量表,本文从经济、社会文化、拥挤程度、环境、服务和社区态度等方面实证检验了山东省的目的地居民对旅游影响的感知程度、对旅游影响的态度以及对旅游影响的综合评价,探讨了目的地居民对旅游影响的感知与他们对旅游影响的态度之间的关系。研究结果表明,多数情况下目的地居民对旅游影响的感知与态度之间并不相关。     

“自下而上”:当代中国农村社会研究的社会史视角

从互助组到人民公社体制结束,是一个前后相继、不可割裂的时代。从"自下而上"的社会史角度对此进行研究,可以纠正以往研究的缺失,丰富我们对新中国历史的认识。中国社会史研究应当引入到现当代史的研究,这亦是社会史研究应有的社会关怀。     

Design Space and Cultural Transmission: Case Studies from Paleoindian Eastern North America

Tool design is a cultural trait—a term long used in anthropology as a unit of transmittable information that encodes particular behavioral characteristics of individuals or groups. After they are transmitted, cultural traits serve as units of replication in that they can be modified as part of a cultural repertoire through processes such as recombination, loss, or partial alteration. Artifacts and other components of the archaeological record serve as proxies for studying the transmission (and modification) of cultural traits, provided there is analytical clarity in defining and measuring whatever it is that is being transmitted. Our interest here is in tool design, and we illustrate how to create analytical units that allow us to map tool-design space and to begin to understand how that space was used at different points in time. We first introduce the concept of fitness landscape and impose a model of cultural learning over it, then turn to four methods that are useful for the analysis of design space: paradigmatic classification, phylogenetic analysis, distance graphs, and geometric morphometrics. Each method builds on the others in logical fashion, which allows creation of testable hypotheses concerning cultural transmission and the evolutionary processes that shape it, including invention (mutation), selection, and drift. For examples, we turn to several case studies that focus on Early Paleoindian–period projectile points from eastern North America, the earliest widespread and currently recognizable remains of hunter–gatherers in late Pleistocene North America.