Realizing Critical Geographies of the University

This paper argues that current changes underway in the daily lives of faculty at US research universities need to be understood contextually. A critical contextualization is a first step in realizing critical geographies of and in the university. This argument is elaborated in a consideration of three situations the author has faced: teaching undergraduate economic geography in an era of globalization; the professionalization of graduate students, and universities' indifference to the fuller lives of (in this case) faculty.     

正确看待马克思主义史学的历史发展——访林甘泉研究员

应该以历史的眼光看待马克思主义史学在建国以来50年的发展。应该以实事求是的态度对待过去史学的发展。要科学地看待社会经济形态理论的价值,它是唯物史观的基石。不同学术思想的学者应该在互相尊重的前提下开展百家争鸣;研究方法应该多样化。马克思主义史学要以实证研究为基础。大师级的史学家一定会在21世纪出现。     

西部大开发中的民族经济自治权问题

本以新修改的民族区域自治法为指导,从理论和实践两个方面阐述了研究西部大开发中民族经济自治权的意义,分析了影响经济自治权行使和保障的相关因素,提出了解决的对策。     

关于生命权入宪的几个问题

生命权是指人的生命不被任意剥夺的权利,是一切人权的基础,具有制约国家权力的宪政功能.所以,世界各国宪法大都规定了生命权,保障生命权已经成为一种全球化的立宪潮流.我国也应当尽快将生命权写入宪法,并应注意正确处理与生命权密切相关的死刑、堕胎、脑死亡和安乐死以及克隆人等问题.     

马克思对实现“两个和解”的探讨

“两个和解”就是人与自然的和解和人与人的和解。在马克思看来,物质生活资料的生产和再生产是人与自然和人与人之间关系的基础。在物质生活资料的生产基础上的人与自然之间的物质变换,是实现“两个和解”的内在机制,扬弃资本主义私有制,由“自由人联合体”共同占有生产资料是实现“两个和解”的根本路径。     

从中西比较的角度看儒家文化中的人权思想

儒家文化博大精深 ,含有丰富的人权思想成分。然而 ,儒家文化中的人权思想长期被忽视 ,西方人权思想在中国却广为流传。究其原因 ,是因为两者有不同特点。西方人权思想是功利型人权思想 ,强调自然法 ,鼓吹天赋人权 ,号召人们通过斗争来争取人权 ,具有实践性和主动性 ,易于为人们接受。而儒家文化中的人权思想是一种伦理型人权思想 ,强调伦理 ,试图通过道德力量或统治阶级的恩赐来获得权利 ,带有空想性和被动性 ,较难为人们认同。西方人权主张法制 ,儒家人权强调德治 ;西方国家的人权思想 ,是在反对封建“神权”的革命和斗争中 ,作为一种思想武器而产生的 ;而儒家人权思想没有西方人权思想那种明确的人权口号 ,而且从来没有成为农民起义和中国革命的思想武器。更为重要的是 ,儒家文化虽然是中国优秀传统文化之一 ,但同时也是一种封建文化。儒家学说中有进步因素 ,但是也有许多封建糟粕 ,因此儒家思想在新民主主义革命中受到了批判。对儒家文化的批判 ,妨碍了对儒家人权思想的研究。     

Take the Right Decision Everybody

Abstract

The archaeological deposits in medieval towns are among the most important and distinctive heritage monuments in Norway. At the same time they are among the more challenging phenomena confronting heritage management authorities, municipal planners, and property owners/developers alike, especially in relation to building and infrastructure projects. The modern settlement has developed on top of medieval and younger deposits which means that not only are they an irreplaceable depository of historical information, but they also form a significant part of the modern town’s physical foundation.

Since 2002 the Directorate for Cultural Heritage in Norway (Riksantikvaren) has been funding systematic monitoring of archaeological deposits of the World Heritage Site Bryggen in Bergen. The monitoring programme consists of several approaches: archaeological assessment of the deposits state of preservation, biochemical investigation of preservation conditions within the deposits, hydrogeological mapping of the water table, water flow, and other given parameters.

Continuous systematic monitoring by using testable, replicable methods and measures, data, and results acquire increased quality and validity. These in turn provide the cultural heritage management with a toolbox for making correct decisions and thereby allow the government’s preservation targets to be attained. But, most important, it guarantees the preservation of the ‘underground archives’ and at the same time allows the urban centres to develop.

This paper presents the knowledge developed through monitoring the Bryggen site as a basis for an official Norwegian standard covering archaeological, biochemical, and hydrogeological deposit investigations.     

Neoliberal Urbanity and the Right to the City: A View from Beirut's Periphery

Drawing on Lefebvre's theorization of space in order to examine the compatibility of neoliberalism and the right to the city, this study investigates how the formation of informal settlements since the 1950s had provided low‐income dwellers in Beirut (Lebanon) a means to conceive of and engage in city making (neighbourhood production, management, and organization) at a time when state regulations and/or market constraints would have excluded them from the city. It also examines how the prevailing neoliberal ideology of the 1990s, as translated through Lebanon's sectarian‐clientelist regime, is curtailing these possibilities. Evidence for the article was drawn from interviews with dwellers, developers and public officials, as well as from archival searches and aerial photographs.     

Hungry for Justice: Social Mobilization on the Right to Food in India

This article explores the potential and limits of contemporary economic rights‐based social activism by analysing an ongoing ‘Right to Food Campaign’ in India. While social movement theory often positions radical and reform strategies as alternatives, the RTF campaign has adopted a hybrid strategy: it has made a radical legal demand that the right to food be recognized as intrinsic to the right to life, while seeking implementation of this right through reform of existing government feeding programmes. The campaign's dual strategy reflects two distinct logics of human rights: a logic of non‐derogable rights that are immediately actionable (such as the right to life) and a logic of progressive implementation of rights that can only be realized fully over time (such as economic rights). This article draws on original data to demonstrate that the campaign's radical legal demands framed around the non‐derogable right to life have come closer to fulfilment than its reformist demands around progressive implementation. The RTF campaign's relative success in galvanizing legal action on hunger is tempered by ongoing challenges in sustaining grassroots‐level mobilization and influencing public policy implementation.     

论农地所有权经济实现形式的创新与选择

当前,中国农村土地集体所有权的收益多以收费的形式体现,这种实现形式法律依据不充分,实现成本过高,容易促成扩大收费,强行摊派。在强调减轻农民负担的同时,又使相当一部分农民对农村土地集体所有权收益这一部分合理收费也产生了误解,不利于土地集体所有权权利的实现。通过比较四种可供选择的方案,作认为,在近期内以“税收形式”实现土地所有权收益,在远期或市场经济完全成熟时以“农地所有权收益资本化形式”较合适。     

From Republican Party to Republican Religion: The New Political Evangelists of the Right

Abstract

This essay shows an important shift in the Religious Right from Evangelical participation to Renewalist participation in politics. Renewalists, who are largely Pentecostals, Charismatics and non-denominational Christians, have been lumped into the "Evangelical" category by scholars and the media alike. Yet their theological orientations and concerns drive political questions and actions in different ways. Sarah Palin's placement on the Republican ticket in 2008 as the Vice Presidential candidate represents the first time an explicitly Renewalist Christian has been nominated. Since then, Palin's weaving of her theological orientation has influenced both political activity and Republican candidates in the 2012 election. Butler's essay explores Palin's contribution to this change, and poses questions about how this shift affects the future of the Religious Right.     

A New Right to Property: Civil War Confiscation in the Reconstruction Supreme Court

During the Civil War, both the Union Congress and the Confederate Congress put in place sweeping confiscation programs designed to seize the private property of enemy citizens on a massive scale. Meeting in special session in August 1861, the U.S. Congress passed the First Confiscation Act, authorizing the federal government to seize the property of those participating directly in the rebellion. ¹ The Confederate Congress retaliated on August 30, 1861, passing the Sequestration Act. ² This law authorized the Confederate government to forever seize the real and personal property of "alien enemies," a term that included every U.S. citizen and all those living in the Confederacy who remained loyal to the Union.     

Generating Confusion,Concern, and Precarity through the Right to Rent Scheme in Scotland

The Immigration Act 2016 has heralded an era of amplified Government intervention into day‐to‐day life, placing increased responsibility for border protection on UK citizens. Using interviews with representatives from the field of housing in Scotland, this paper examines one specific aspect of the Immigration Act 2016, the Right to Rent scheme. We investigate how the Right to Rent creates a precarious environment for all those who may appear to be non‐UK citizens. We argue that it may endorse senses of fantasy citizenship to inculcate people into acting on behalf of the state and is a driver for further division in society. Scotland provides a particularly interesting case study, as housing is a devolved power, but immigration is not. This creates an additional layer of tension in our interview data, as housing organisations are faced with a set of conditions imposed from Westminster, infringing on a field that Scotland has self‐determined for some time. Our interviews illustrate the level of confusion around the scheme, the fact that it is increasing criminalisation in the housing sector, and stresses that the scheme is offloading state responsibility for border protection.     

Apartheid,Religious Pluralism,and the Evolution of the Right to Religious Freedom in South Africa

The apartheid history of South Africa contains racial and religious discrimination, both running parallel to and supporting each other. South Africa's exodus from a society of forced religious homogeneity to one of celebrating religious pluralism adds valuable and unique patterns of thought to the promotion of religious pluralism and religious freedom. A brief history is presented of religion within the context of racial discrimination and eventual democracy in South Africa. The current plural religious demography of South Africa is presented to create a sense of the extent of diversity in the country and the extent of religious pluralism that should be considered for today. This demographical position necessitates an investigation into the current legal position on dealing with such a religiously plural state as well as the challenges it presents. This is also necessary in order to present the evolution of religious pluralism in an oppressive state to the right to religious freedom in democratic South Africa. This evolution can also serve as an example internationally to countries struggling with the issue of religious pluralism. The article is also of importance to sensitise South Africa to existing and escalating challenges against religious pluralism within the country.     

论网络匿名表达权

网络匿名表达权与网络实名制之间冲突的本质在于,对表达自由的限制与对限制的限制之间的相互作用。网络匿名表达权既是公民表达权在网络上的延伸和发展,也是公民的一项宪法性权利。网络匿名表达权不仅具有其现实的权利基础,同时也具有其特定的权利边界。