THE ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE SUPPLY OF HOUSING*

ABSTRACT As the housing stock in a city is duplicated, developers must devote greater amounts of resources to the provision of infrastructure. If the production of infrastructure is characterized by decreasing returns to scale, this will cause the price of developable land to increase. The conditions under which an upward-sloping supply curve for housing will result are discussed. Using cross-sectional data for U.S. cities from 1973 to 1982, it is shown that land prices fail to increase with the quantity of construction and that the price elasticity of the supply of housing is infinite.     

论清代中期清政府对外国货币的政策

16世纪末-17世纪初,随着东西方新航路开辟,外国商人较频繁地来到中国贸易。明清之际,外国商人来华购买中国商品,偶用外国货币支付。清康熙时,“时华洋互市,以货易（洋）银”,乾隆时“洋钱盛行”,到道光时期,外国货币“行用日广,公私出人,非此不济”①,似有垄断市     

经济全球化背景下的中国对外贸易

经济全球化是当今世界经济发展最显著的特征,改革开放使中国及时赶上经济全球化的高潮,对外贸易则是中国与世界经济交流的主要形式。本文在概述经济全球化的基础上,回顾了改革开放以来中国对外贸易的发展,表现出对外贸易额迅猛扩张、外贸结构不断优化、不断深化的外贸体制改革以及波动之中的贸易条件等特征。展示了中国对外贸易空间分布不均衡的格局,无论国内对外贸易的分布还是主要贸易伙伴的构成都体现出这一特点,说明中国的对外开放仍然处在较低的水平,并分析了加入世贸组织对中国的经贸发展的影响。     

THE ROLE OF KUZNETSK COALS IN THE FUEL SUPPLY OF ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN THE EUROPEAN USSR

Arguments for the expanded use of Kuznetsk coal in electric power generation within the European USSR are presented within the context of the goals of the Energy Program of the USSR and current efforts at overall economic restructuring: fuel substitution as a means of conserving oil and gas resources, replacement of difficult-to-mine and increasingly finite Donets coals by the more abundant, surface-mined Kuznetsk variety, and elimination of an irrational pattern of energy flows generated by the present fuel balance in electric power stations. A three-stage model is described which incorporates a wide variety of alternative assumptions about the fuel mix at power plants for projections of the future role of Kuznetsk coals in the region (translation by Andrew R. Bond).     

全球化时代的空间积累与分化及对规划角色的再审视

本文的主要目是探讨全球化进程对城市和区域发展的影响和分析全球化时代规划角色的转变。文章首先介绍了全球化的研究阶段和争论,指出全球化是一个非均衡、非对称的过程。随后分析了这种非均衡、非对称过程对空间发展的影响,即城市和区域空间积累与分化及城市密集地区作用的凸现,然后文章对中国空间发展的特殊影响因素和现象进行了探讨。文章认为以经济增长和空间营造为主要目的传统技术规划已经无法适应全球化时代的要求,规划被赋予了公共政策指引和提升竞争力的双重新功能,具备了对内解决问题、对外参与全球竞争的双向职能。