The Mainland Chinese market for nature tourism in Hong Kong

ABSTRACT

Nature tourism has been emerged as an ecologically sensitive form of tourism in developed and developing countries. A large influx of tourists would have both benefits and adverse impacts on these destinations. With an increasing influence of Chinese market in many destinations and tourism activities worldwide, it is important to understand the perceptions and preferences of Chinese tourists toward natural attributes so that proper approaches to destination planning and marketing can be derived to better attract these segments of tourists and sustainably manage tourism resources. The results of an empirical study of a sample of Mainland citizens (n = 430) to Hong Kong's nature areas show that (1) they exert a high degree of interest in participating in nature tourism; (2) female and older people are more interested in visiting natural environment; (3) these potential nature tourists from China prefer going to places in association with sea views, and engaging in photo-taking, non-commercial activities and less artificial elements; and (4) the nature tourism attributes form two factors related to aspects of educational needs and relaxation (an experiential factor), and nature-oriented but also convenient (a functional factor). These considerations can lead to the development of ecotourism products that are better suited to meeting the interests of mainland Chinese tourists, while also enriching the host experience.     

Wilderness use,conservation and tourism: what do we protect and for and from whom?

For many people today, the idea of wilderness conjures up meanings and images referring to wild, remote, and untrammeled natural areas, which need protection from human presence and utilization. Institutionally, the first Wilderness Act was prescribed in the United States over 50 years ago and the wilderness conservation originates from the establishment of the first national parks in North America in the nineteenth century. First conservation and wilderness areas and related legal acts provided a model on how to organize and manage conservation areas globally. However, this created ‘fortress’ model of global conservation thinking, separating wilderness, and nature from culture and people, has recently been increasingly challenged by views calling for more people-centered approaches in natural resource management. In addition, the tourism industry has become an increasingly important user and socioeconomic element of change in wilderness areas, which has created new kinds of utilization needs for the remaining wild environments. Thus, there are different ways to understand what wilderness is and for and from whom we are protecting those areas. This paper aims to overview some of the key perspectives on how wilderness environment are contextualized, used, and contested: as units of strict conservation; resources for livelihoods and raw materials, and/or tourist products. The purpose is to point out that while we have different and often conflicting understandings of what wilderness is and what it is for, there are also potentially symbiotic relations between different views which could help us to protect the remaining wilderness areas. This is the case especially in the Global South, where the sociopolitical pressures of economic utilization of the remaining wilderness environments are currently the sharpest.     

镜头压力下的东道主——西方学界关于旅游地原住民摄影态度的研究述评

旅游者常以照相机镜头表达自己的旅游欲求,行使其作为"观看者"和"拍摄者"(Photographer)的特权;旅游地土著居民也以通过在镜头前的反应表达其"被观看者"和"被拍摄者"(Photographee)的权力。二十余年来,西方学者对镜头压力下的东道主的态度与行为做了深刻剖析,指出他们有以下三个特征:恐惧与反感,谈判,以及将游客模式化。通过这几种方式,东道主得以建立合适的主客关系,即,照相机的限定性使用不会影响游客兴趣,也没有使旅游经济收益下降,同时当地人又建立起自己相对的隐私空间,一定程度地保护了自身文化免受外来游客的冲击。     

流动性视角下打工旅游者行为特征研究——以大理古城为例

打工旅游已成为一种新的人口流动现象,本文通过对大理古城32位打工旅游者进行深度访谈和观察,发现他们在"工旅结合"动机和有无薪资的工作特点上存在分异,据此将其划分为3种类型,研究其在大理的行为表现。结果表明,打工旅游的出现促使工作、旅游和休闲之间的界限变得模糊;打工旅游者在大理的日常活动中,一方面表现出类似游客的行为特征,另一方面又在大理过着悠闲懒散但与日常相似的生活,这种行为的双重性表明他们在日常交往中将不断表现出"主"与"客"的身份转换,并据此提出旅游发展的相关政策建议。     

脆弱生态旅游区的先遣军——关于生态旅游者和背包旅游者的比较研究

中国的生态旅游当前仍处在市场培养和自身建设薄弱的阶段,只有依靠严格自律的真正生态旅游者,才能避免生态脆弱地区的环境恶化。目前对生态旅游者的概念含混不清,大多扩大了生态旅游者的内涵,有悖生态旅游者的本质特征。本文从对生态旅游者的研究出发,找寻中国生态脆弱区发展生态旅游最适合的人群。在文献分析、二手调查资料和实地调研的基础上,通过比较分析背包旅游者和生态旅游者的动机和行为,论证了两者的高度契合,推导出背包旅游者应当是中国当前脆弱生态旅游区的先遣军。     

Liminality in nature-based tourism experiences as mediated through social media

Abstract

The intersection between social media, liminality and nature-based tourism experiences hasn’t been the focus of previous tourism research. Such intersection, on the other hand, is illustrative of how social media relate to the constitution and performance of tourism spatialities, tourist identities, storytelling and place-making, and can lead to relevant theoretical contributes. We aim to investigate how liminality is expressed in relation to nature-based experiences by tourists on social media, and what role social media plays in mediating liminality during nature-based tourism experiences. The analysis is based on a participatory netnography of images and text posts, as well as online interviews with users of the popular social media Instagram. Findings show that the expression of tourism experiences in nature is closely related to specific notions of liminal otherness as opposed to the urban life and the everyday, where nature and wilderness are expressed as related to the genuine, the authentic and a true inner self. Creative combinations of pictures, captions and hashtags make it easier for tourists to express the contrast between the natural landscape and the everyday landscape once they returned home. These combinations also relate closely to performances of resistant and alternative selves and communities. At the same time, such performances are mediated and contested between freedom of self-expression, surveillance and social norms, an aspect that makes their liminal nature ambiguous.     

红色旅游产品特点和发展模式研究

红色旅游不同于一般的旅游活动,它是由有组织的爱国主义教育和革命传统教育活动孕育衍化而成,并在近年迅速发展起来的一种特殊的旅游产品类型,具有与众不同的特点和发展模式。相对于其它的旅游活动,红色旅游更多是以参观游览红色景观为主要内容,以接受思想教育为主要目的的旅游活动。它具有游客市场较为固定,以公费旅游为主,产品捆绑式销售等特点。借助良好的政策环境和高品位的红色旅游资源,实现产品的多样化、综合化,走政府主导加市场化运作的道路是目前国内已经成功开发的主要红色旅游地的发展模式。     

家庭生命周期对旅游者行为的影响研究

揭示家庭生命周期对旅游者行为的影响可以为家庭旅游精准营销提供依据.将城镇居民的家庭生命周期分为筑巢期、满巢Ⅰ期、满巢Ⅱ期、空巢期4个阶段,探究家庭生命周期对其旅游行为的影响,发现:①家庭生命周期影响旅游者的目的地选择行为,不同家庭生命周期旅游者的景区到访率距离衰减速率不同;②家庭生命周期影响旅游者的旅游活动类型偏好,满...     

访沪国内游客旅游行为空间特征研究

在现场访谈获取访沪游客在沪旅游行为资料数据的基础上,根据不同访沪经历类型游客到访景区(点)的空间与时间数据统计,运用核密度估算方法,得出到访上海国内游客的空间行为特征:①首次访沪、第二次访沪和多次访沪游客的旅游空间行为集聚呈现"中心城区单核型-中心城区单核外溢型-城、郊并举多核型"变化模式;②首次访沪游客在沪旅游时间较长,日均到访的景区(点)数较多,而第二次、多次重游上海的游客在沪旅游时间相对缩短、日均到访景区(点)个数相对缩减,具有只针对单一景区(点)出游的倾向;③游客单次在沪旅游时间和到访景区(点)个数的缩减和单一景区(点)的出游趋向,意味着多次访沪游客已具备以上海为目的地的潜在度假旅游动机。据此,讨论了我国城市旅游发展中重点拓展休闲度假旅游,建设城、郊并举"多核心"旅游空间行为集聚区等问题。     

A masculinist northern wilderness and the emancipatory potential of literary irony

There has been an increasing body of critical research in modern literary geography claiming that forms of social oppression and injustice can become established through the institution of literature. It has also been stated that literature can equally well act as an emancipatory ‘tool’ through which subjugated histories are rewritten. This article is concerned with the colonialist history of Finnish northern literature, Lapland romanticism, the exoticism of nature and the interrelations of these with masculinism and sexist oppression. It discusses how northern nature is romanticized through literary stereotypes based on masculinist values and a multidimensional social process of sexism, and how the regional marginalization of northern Finland has been justified at the same time. The primary focus is on the emancipatory potential of untraditional northern literature, on a northern female author, Rosa Liksom, who through her unconventional literary irony has functioned as an emancipatory ‘project’ against the masculinist stereotypes of the northern wilderness. Liksom's literary irony serves as a metafictive ‘method’ working in pursuit of revealing its own discursive structure, as a strategy through which literary conventions and their wider social context become deconstructed.     

文化对中国出境旅游者旅游偏好的影响研究

文化不仅是一种旅游吸引物,也影响着旅游者的旅游偏好。本文根据霍夫斯泰德的文化四维度模型分析了中国文化的特点,并阐述文化对中国出境旅游者在旅游目的地、旅游形式、食宿安排、购物及导游服务等方面的偏好形成的影响,据此对国内外从事中国出境游接待的企业提出相关建议,以期提高我国旅游者在境外旅游活动中的满意度。     

Organicism,womanhood and domesticity in Anne LaBastille's Woodswoman saga

Anne LaBastille's Woodswoman saga presents an ecological approach to organicism that aims to recuperate the notion of nature and the wilderness as live organisms in perpetual, cyclical transition. LaBastille's conception of nature as an animate entity to which the self is intimately connected unleashes her discursive advocacy for a necessary reversion to a communion with natural rhythms. Her hermitage represents a voluntary conversion into the laws of nature, a conversion which results in the identification of the self as a self-in-place, and in the redefinition of the categories of domesticity, privacy and territoriality from an ecofeminist perspective. Such redefinitions lead to an implosion of the notion of femininity itself: as LaBastille negotiates between the categories of womanhood, the wilderness, and private and public domains in accordance to organicist principles, she opens a new discursive space that acknowledges women's need for a territory of their own where they too can become independent selves-in-relation.     

创建荒野:印第安人的移徙与美国国家公园

当代环境保护运动是从美国对自然环境变化、全球工业化扩张与政治现代化过程的独特响应中发展起来的。从环保运动中涌现出了一种全新的自然观念,其中包含着基于种族移徙的荒野思想。这种荒野观允许白人为了娱乐消遣和静默冥想的目的而排他性地占用人迹杳然的荒野,并且将这种做法视为天经地义。把人类活动排除在外的荒野观对于美国和国际社会的国家公园和荒野区域的建立影响深远。当世界各地的土著居民们宣称拥有公园土地所有权和资源使用权时,前述荒野观便引发了诸多冲突。     

Wealden nature and the role of London in nineteenth-century artistic imagination

The new outlook on nature as a restorative for jaded urban-dwellers that is associated with Victorians' sense of an increasing separation from their natural environment, had a powerful influence upon the imagination of mid nineteenth-century landscape artists choosing to work in south-east England. Although they established close business relations with the metropolis and provincial cities, they experienced a loss of confidence in London as a subject for landscape painting and with new opportunities for travel provided by railways they preferred to satisfy a quasi-scientific curiosity in the visible appearance of natural and semi-natural beauty in the green world beyond London, especially in the expressively-shaped Weald, long connected with aesthetic appreciation and scientific observation. Their specific contribution of plain-air realism was to conceive the Wealden landscape both as a natural marvel and a human epic, an idea then new and exciting to the mind. Their feelings of awe and wonder have Ruskinian undertones and are inextricably linked with the drama of earth history that natural scientists were simultaneously unfolding in a newly constituted laboratory of field studies. This spiriting of a new, imagined, wilderness out of what wooded nature still survived in a shrunken form after the clearings of pioneer farmers became an inexhaustible source of enrichment to nineteenth-century urban life and conforms at least partially with mid-Victorians' perception of a natural habitat juxtaposed with one of the world's largest and most artificial environments that Victorians themselves were creating. It became a nearly symbolic image of an ideal English landscape which existed largely as a protected paradise of the urban imagination.     

Manifestations of Contradiction: Lakes within the Production/Consumption Dialectic

Much emphasis within Marxist political ecology has focused on the social production of nature. Less attention, however, has been paid to the ways in which an emergent, material nature is an actor in the dialectic of its own appropriation. This paper examines the attempt to capitalize, under simultaneous processes of production and consumption, two proximate yet different Minnesota lakes. Lakes Elysian and Frances represent biophysical nature as process. Yet, their contrasting apparent states of permanence emerge from their dynamic relationships with agriculture, further affecting residential construction on their shores and lake association politics. Information collected from lakes surveys conducted by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and personal interviews with lakes association members provide insight into relational processes that influence the appearance of these lakes. Using this investigation, efforts can be made to resist discourses and practices that reify the existence of “green” lakes as inevitable. It is suggested, then, that a new politics of lakes management should be mediated that is less dependent upon their capitalization.     

Localization in Europe's Periphery: Tourism Development in Sardinia

As a part of the south Italian Mezzogiorno the island of Sardinia is one of the most peripheral and least favoured regions in the European Union (EU). This article deals with the strategies that have been pursued to restructure the Sardinian economy during the post-war period. In particular, focus is on experiences with local tourism development. After a sketch of the key features of Sardinia, the fruitless top-down strategies of the Italian government to industrialize the island are discussed. After that, the efforts of local parties to promote tourism that builds upon locality-specific assets are analysed. Furthermore, the effects of this localized approach for Sardinia have been generally positive. Moreover, the growing interest among tourists for Sardinia's natural and cultural heritage offers perspectives for bottom-up tourism development as well. Here, however, it is important to balance the short-run benefits of tourism with the possible costs of long-term environmental and socio-cultural degradation. For the future development of Sardinia, therefore, 'eco-tourism' might be an additional tool worth considering in the island's present localized tourism strategy.     

自然风景区控制性规划初探——以山里泉旅游景区为例

论文以山西省泽州县山里泉旅游景区为例,论述了景区控制性详细规划的理念和方法。介绍了规划界限、规划红线的调整、建筑和环境融合的控制、山水景观的创造、环境容量的预测及规划成果的调整等内容,较为妥善地处理了自然风景区开发与山水保护利用之间的关系,建构了人与山水的和谐关系。旨在通过它,探讨在旅游景区的控制性详细规划中如何因地制宜的保护和创造山水景观特色,丰富和完善控规的理论和方法。     

乡村旅游根性意涵的社会调试与价值重建研究

论文从历史演进和意识建构角度阐释了现代异化背景下游客对乡村旅游的根性诉求,构建了乡村旅游中乡村意涵与文化价值的实现过程解析框架,然后通过实证研究,分析了乡村旅游根性诉求异化机理。结论认为,深刻的人地关系意识和哲学认同养成的亲土心理结构与田园精神是乡村旅游的根本动力源,基于城市化与现代化进程的人性异化与身份认同危机的后现代反叛是乡村旅游的现代引擎,乡村旅游的本质是乡土-人性结构的回归与重建。而多媒体"伪乡村"的旅游形象建构又导致了乡村从生产性到消费性的转换、乡村旅游需求的异化与"伪乡村旅游"意识形态的形成。乡村旅游急需深刻的反思与革命,扭转发展的方向与目标,并在乡村与旅游传统的回归中逐步实现乡村与人性的文化救赎。     

基于入境游客感知的中国旅游服务质量演进特征和影响机制

入境游客感知的旅游服务质量是影响入境旅游规模、衡量我国国际旅游竞争力的重要因素。本研究利用历史统计资料、问卷调查数据和结构方程模型方法分析了基于入境游客感知的中国旅游服务质量演进特征和影响机制。研究发现:1990-2012年入境游客对中国旅游服务质量的评价呈现"初步改善-大幅提升-提升趋缓"的趋势,旅游服务质量仍滞后于入境游客不断增长的需求,交通业、旅行社业、旅游公共服务等行业服务质量不高是主要制约因素。从内在影响机制看,入境游客对旅游服务质量比国内游客更为敏感,对入境游客满意度影响最大的因素是各行业服务和旅游公共服务,此外,旅游地形象对于入境游客的感知质量也有很大影响,旅游地形象、游客感知质量和游客满意度最终将影响入境游客的忠诚度,但旅游价格并不是影响入境游客满意度和忠诚度的主要因素。     

Talking to others: analysing tourists’ communications on cultural heritage experiences

In the area of cultural heritage, tourists’ experiences emphasise not only the moment and its personal nature but also socio-cultural traits. These experiences when expressed (social communications) are an important gateway to knowledge about tourists’ sense-making processes. This paper reports on the mediation between tourists and heritage sites via comments on a digital platform (TripAdvisor) about two Spanish tourist destinations with opposing characteristics and four heritage sites, which are analysed. The methodology used seeks to transcend the individual and anecdotal aspects of tourists’ comments. Indeed, the results obtained show the relevance of the humanisation and the discursive weight of heritage contexts in emotional/personal stories. Tendencies observed in non-regulated contexts confirm the role of a complex negotiation at cultural heritage sites and highlight the need to explore possible exchanges of sense in tourists’ encounters with such sites.