Beyond the Transfer of Capital? Second-Home Owners as Competence Brokers for Rural Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Abstract

The current paper addresses the possible role of second-home owners as competence brokers in terms of rural entrepreneurship and innovation. Empirically, the paper draws on a case study of second-home owners from two municipalities in Telemark, one of the regions with the highest densities of second homes in Norway. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire on 2200 second-home owners and with a response rate of 43% and 47%, respectively. The study results show that the second-home owners demonstrate in different ways a genuine interest in their second-home community, and also a willingness to use their knowledge and competence to contribute to the development of the local economy. Furthermore, we have also seen that an impressive number of second-home owners are educated to a higher level, within a variety of industrial fields and sectors, and have extensive managerial and hands-on experience from establishing and developing companies: in other words, they have both the interest and willingness and the required skills and experiences to become important competence brokers for local entrepreneurship and innovation.     

影响晚清西方来华传教士宗教旅游的因素分析

本文从旅游的视角,认为西方来华传教士的活动是一种宗教旅游活动,论文选取西方传教士大规模进入我国的晚清时期作为研究时段,根据旅游系统三体论的思路,对晚清西方来华传教士宗教旅游的影响因素进行系统分析,研究结论表明:影响晚清西方来华传教士宗教旅游的主要因素有三个。其一是西方传教士旅游客源地的文化和经济因素;其二是中国作为西方传教士旅游目的地的政治开放、宗教政策以及安全保障因素;其三是西方传教士从其客源地到中国旅游目的地之间及其内部的交通因素。     

Wine tourism development in South Africa: a geographical analysis

ABSTRACT

Wine tourism, which is growing and developing on a global scale, is widely considered a driver of economic and social development in rural areas. Limited job opportunities and unemployment are prevalent in most rural areas, particularly in South Africa. In 2015, the South African wine industry generated close to 300,000 direct and indirect employment opportunities. A geographical analysis of the development and current state of wine tourism in the region can assist in the country's efforts to develop a new strategy to enhance and preserve wine tourism in the future. Wine tourism development is analysed from a nodes, network and winescape perspective using the results from a national questionnaire survey. This mostly quantitative approach explains the wine tourism development over more than 40 years from a supply-side perspective including its wine tourism product portfolio and in terms of its physical footprint. Wine tourism development commenced from only three pioneer open cellar doors in 1971, to network formation of 21 wine routes and today boasting well-established wine tourism destinations. The Stellenbosch-Franschhoek-Paarl nexus emerges as South Africa's premier winescape, as being a well-established destination in its mature life cycle phase. Strong evidence of hierarchical differentiation between the wineries of the more established wine tourism regions has emerged. The impact of the wine tourism resorts on the smaller wineries has yet to be determined in the context of the resilience of the whole region. The development of wine tourism is also responsible for the transformation of rural landscapes and especially in the regions that have the most developed wine routes. These regions need higher-level protection (especially the cultural and natural resource bases) in the form of an ‘agricultural reserve’ or the declaration of a ‘national heritage site’.     

边缘型旅游地研究综述及展望

作为一种广泛存在的旅游地类型,边缘型旅游地虽是当前旅游发展的"边缘区",却也可能是未来旅游发展的"潜力区"。现有边缘型旅游地研究成果主要集中在边缘型旅游地位置界定与概念探讨、与核心旅游地的差异比较与区域合作、发展模式与发展策略、旅游"核心-边缘"空间结构与布局模式研究等方面,尚存在系统性阐释不够、边缘化评价指标体系构建缺乏,动态演化分析较少等不足。今后,加强内涵与类型研究,重视边缘化水平测度,明晰空间演化过程及机理,探究未来发展路径是边缘型旅游地研究的重要方向。     

Using PP GIS interviews to understand residents’ perspective of European ecological network Natura 2000

ABSTRACT

Sustainable nature-based tourism was brought to the public's attention as a solution to the problem of economic diversification in Central and Eastern European (CEE) communities included in European Ecological Network – N2000. However, Natura 2000 tourism development has not yet proven to be an effective way to boost local economies and the notion of sustainable tourism based on Natura 2000 resources has been challenged by residents of the CEE communities. The study goal was to explore issues concerning Natura 2000 tourism from the perspective of local residents within three municipalities of Ma?opolska in Poland to determine if Natura 2000 is perceived by local residents as a valuable tourism asset. We employed a mix-mode methodology: an in-depth interview and public participation GIS mapping task. The study results highlight several areas of concern regarding resident perspectives of Natura 2000-based tourism: first, the misconception that residents need and want nature-based tourism when other economic activities provide sufficient income; second, the misconception that Natura 2000 is considered a valuable asset when other tourism attractions in a municipality attract more visitors; third, the residents misconception of nature-based tourism itself; and last but not least the importance of engaging with residents when assessing the potential for Natura 2000 tourism. These findings can assist policy-makers and tourism managers with prioritizing avenues for further action.     

The specifics and spatial structure of circular migration in Russia

Abstract

This article aims at distinguishing recurrent population movements within the territory of the Russian Federation between urban localities of different sizes and rural areas in connection to the processes of urbanization, suburbanization, and de-urbanization. Incomplete urbanization and the strong polarization of socio-economic space in Russia have resulted in two powerful contradictory population flows: centrifugal seasonal sub- and de-urbanization and centripetal labor migration from rural and small towns to large urban centers. The article discusses three forms of recurrent population mobility in Russia: (1) daily commuting of urban and rural inhabitants within metropolitan areas; (2) commuting to large cities and their suburbs for long-term employment intervals (weekly, monthly, etc.), (3) second-home commuting to countryside dachas. Unfinished urbanization in Russia not only attracts rural and small towns’ population to major cities but also keeps it within the latter. It slows down the real de-urbanization and induces specific dachas (second-home) suburbanization/de-urbanization, with these processes being closely interrelated. An opportunity to earn money in cities together with the impossibility of moving to major centers due to expensive housing encourages households to remain in small towns and rural areas. Meanwhile, inhabited rural localities (even ones distant from cities) attract seasonal population (dachniks).     

‘The white woman's burden’ – the racialized,gendered politics of volunteer tourism

Talking about race in volunteer tourism is like breaking a taboo. By critically exploring the racialized and gendered politics of volunteer tourism from the perspective of the ‘white savior complex,’ we seek to open new avenues of discussion to break this silence. We employ a postcolonial feminist theoretical framework to analyze volunteer tourism. The meanings, practices, and policies of volunteer tourism development are informed by the racialized, gendered logics of colonial thought. If older colonial logics were predominantly masculinist, it considers the largely (white) women participants in contemporary volunteer tourism as a window onto current transformations in historic racialized and gendered logics. Colonial logics and discourses have shifted over time, from the erstwhile ‘civilizing mission’ to the subsequent mandate for development to contemporary depoliticized social causes such as ‘saving the environment.’ Volunteer tourism is an exemplar of this third discourse, as global North volunteer tourists, through their depoliticized logic of ‘saving’ and ‘helping’ the less fortunate others in the global South, inherits such distinctions and reproduces them further. Given the predominance of young white women in contemporary volunteer tourism, beyond these continuities, we also point to compelling shifts in this logic from the masculinism of historic colonial processes. We also highlight the religious dimension, how Christian ideologies which were so central to formal colonial processes continue to play an important role in volunteer tourism today. Future studies on volunteer tourism need to examine its emergence, growth, and popularity (with young white women in particular) from the perspective of historic and ongoing power relations having to do with race and racialized gender, which will enable a critical conversation on volunteer tourism that adds significantly to our knowledge of contemporary neo-colonial processes and their gendered dynamics.     

入境旅游免签政策的游客吸引效应及其异质性

本文以中国首个入境旅游免签试点政策为准自然实验,以1996-2016年53个地级市为研究样本,采用双重差分法评估了入境旅游免签政策对入境旅游人数的影响,并进行一系列稳健性检验,最后从客源地异质性和政策调整效应等维度做了进一步分析。研究发现：①入境旅游免签政策的实施显著地促进了入境旅游人数增长;②入境旅游免签政策对欧洲国家的政策效果最好,对亚洲国家和大洋洲国家有显著的正向影响,而对北美洲国家无显著作用;③2010年入境旅游免签政策的调整未能显著吸引入境游客。     

Beyond convention: reimagining indigenous tourism

As a knowledge domain, contemporary indigenous tourism is framed in reference to cultures conventionally recognized as ‘indigenous,’ and engages this almost exclusively from a supply-side perspective. This paper reimagines indigeneity and indigenous tourism as embracing also the other 94% of global population. From a utilitarian perspective, this inclusion of ‘nonconventional indigenous people’ harbors opportunities to advance the sustainability agenda by reconnecting modern mainstream cultures, through personal exposure in dispersed settings, with ancestral roots and associated sustainable livelihoods. Such reconnections are framed as a form of re-indigenization that may be especially attractive to ‘travel promiscuous’ diasporic populations such as those found in the ‘settler’ countries of Canada, United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Articulation of this concept could be facilitated by existing knowledge domains and products in heritage tourism, rural tourism, and urban tourism, as well as sustainable tourism. Rather than usurping conventional indigenous efforts to re-indigenize and re-empower, it is contended that the nonconventional dimension can coexist with and even reinforce the latter, while enriching the dimensions of indigenous tourism as a dynamic knowledge domain.     

民族地区负责任旅游扶贫开发模式与实现路径

国外关注贫困问题的负责任旅游研究和实践为我国民族地区旅游扶贫开发提供了新的视角。我国民族地区与贫困地区、旅游资源丰富地区具有高度的重叠性,进而衍生出了多样化的旅游扶贫开发模式。这些旅游扶贫开发模式对民族地区旅游业发展和贫困人口致富起到了促进作用的同时,也因缺乏对文化景观脆弱性和自然生态敏感性的系统考虑而产生了诸多负面影响。基于此,本文重点讨论了负责任旅游视角下民族地区扶贫开发的模式重构问题,明晰了民族地区负责任旅游扶贫开发的战略取向和运行机制,构建了民族地区负责任旅游扶贫开发的旅游者驱动和社会型旅游企业带动两种模式,进而提出了与之相适应的实施对策与建议。     

Substitute or addition to hypermobile lifestyles? Second home mobility and Finnish CO2 emissions

Tourism produces an increasing share in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These are mostly derived from transport emissions, and long-haul air travel in particular. Short-haul domestic tourism is believed by some to be a potential substitute for long-haul tourism. Using the example of Finland this paper examines the extent to which domestic second home tourism can substitute for other leisure trips and therefore contribute to reductions of travel-generated GHG emissions. Survey data are used to evaluate the CO₂ emissions caused by travel to domestic second homes, and to create statistical models that verify if the owners of domestic second homes travel to other leisure destinations less frequently than others, and if they cause less emissions by their leisure mobility than others with comparable economic and demographic background. We find that although the owners and users of domestic second homes travel for other leisure purposes less frequently than others, this does not mean their leisure mobility generates less emissions. Overall, owners of second homes produce significantly more CO₂ by their leisure mobility than non-owners. The use of second homes does not seem to be a substitute for high emission long-haul travels, but rather a part of an overall highly mobile leisure lifestyle. It is therefore necessary to better understand and influence the entire range of individual mobility behaviours in order to reduce travel-related GHG emissions.     

Interpartner Legitimacy Effects on Cluster Initiative Formation and Development Processes

In spite of the growing interest in cluster initiatives (CIs) as a means of regional development, there are still few studies of CIs that offer an inside perspective. This article takes such an inside perspective, focusing on the internal legitimacy aspects of the formation and evolving processes of CIs. We propose the inclusion of interpartner legitimacy effects in order to better understand the formation and development of CIs. A case study method is applied on a Swedish CI in the tourism industry. Faced with the situation that their region was lagging behind other Swedish regions in the development of tourism, the actors were spurred to promote a CI. Its central purposes were to consolidate the regional tourism industry, strengthen the regional brand and to establish the entire region as a single coherent destination. This paper contributes to the research body of regional development and CIs by showing how different types of interpartner legitimacies hinder and facilitate the CI process.     

Mormons,Civil Authorities and Lutheran Clergy in Finland, 1875–1889

This article explores the reactions of civil authorities and Lutheran clergy to Mormon activity in Finland between the years 1875 and 1889. At this time, Mormonism was introduced to the country by missionaries who were mainly Swedish natives and who proselytized in the Swedish-speaking coastal areas. Although the impact was numerically small in terms of conversions, the Mormon presence was regarded by the civil authorities and the Lutheran clergy as sufficiently serious to warrant action. Civil authorities responded for example by confiscating Mormon literature and issuing warnings and threats of arrest to missionaries. Clergy, acting from a religious perspective and seeking to impede the spread of new religious movements that they regarded as spiritually harmful, interrupted preaching meetings and warned their parishioners against the perceived heresy. Enforced legislation and strong societal opposition was an important reason for the meagre harvest of Mormon converts in 19th-century Finland as opposed to the other Nordic countries.     

山西省转型期旅游场强时空异质性特征及机制

以山西省转型期旅游发展为例,选取2005、2011和2017年17项指标构建城市旅游发展综合实力评价体系,基于改进场强模型,借助GIS技术和地理探测器模型,分析旅游场强时空异质性特征及演变机制。结果表明：①旅游场强高值区范围扩大、逐步形成叶脉状网络空间形态,突破了早期“人”形格局限制;②各地市旅游场强前期整体上升,后期集中在大西高铁沿线,城市绝对差异增加,高级别场强类型主要以太原市为中心向边缘扩散演替;③旅游场强空间格局演变具有时序性特征,主导因子经历了二元、三元主导和多元共同作用阶段,对于旅游产业后发省份构建区域旅游场强空间格局具有借鉴和指导意义。     

旅游地居民对旅游影响感知研究综述及中外研究比较

随着旅游业迅速发展,旅游影响研究逐渐成为研究热点,而基于居民感知视角的旅游影响研究是当前主要研究范式。本文对1995-2008年之间相关文献进行分类和统计,从文献数量变化、研究指标、研究地、研究方法、作者分布等进行中外对比分析。分析旅游影响研究在指标选取、研究方法和研究地域等方面的总体特征及国内和国外研究的特征,以分析旅游影响研究的主要内容和中外差异特征,并基于分析的结果,对国内未来的研究提出一些建议。     

胁迫视角下乡村旅游地文化影响研究进展与框架构建

乡村文化的保护和发展不仅是新时期我国乡村振兴的重要课题,也是乡村旅游可持续发展的关键所在。旅游开发在带来乡村经济振兴的同时,更多的是胁迫乡村文化生态系统发生变化、产生反应或功能失调,进而导致乡村文化的受损甚至消亡。通过国内外乡村旅游地文化影响相关文献的梳理归纳和研究评述,本文发现当前研究缺乏基于文化胁迫视角的理论框架、文化影响的系统性研究及量化表达薄弱。在系统回顾胁迫生态理论的科学内涵和发展趋势的基础上,指出其应用在乡村旅游人地关系研究中的重要意义,进而提出旅游开发对乡村文化的胁迫模型和胁迫视角下乡村旅游地文化影响研究亟需解决的核心问题。最后从时间-空间-社会维度出发,构建旅游开发对乡村文化胁迫研究的理论框架和内容体系,以期为快速城镇化和旅游发展背景下的乡村振兴、乡村文化保护和乡村旅游可持续发展提供理论参考。     

旅游招商引资中的制度性机会主义行为解析——西部A地旅游招商引资个案研究

旅游是促进发展中国家或地区资源资本化的有效途径之一。利用丰富的旅游资源吸引发达地区的资本,实现资源向资本的转化,就成为现阶段中西部地区地方政府重要的经济发展政策。本文通过对西部A地旅游招商引资的案例分析,指出在我国旅游业招商引资过程中,由于东道地区与投资者的权力关系不平等,信息不对称以及地方官员绩效考核制度不合理等因素的存在,投资者的投资行为往往会演变为一种制度性机会主义行为。不但使地方政府引进外部资本发展旅游的努力达不到预期的效果,反而将为此支付高额的社会成本,加剧不发达地区的资源和财富向发达地区回流和集中。文章对于招商引资中投资者与地方之间不平等的权力关系结构进行了深入剖析,指出有必要变更当前旅游景区开发中普遍存在的租赁经营制度为股份制制度,或对投资者征收财产税,以遏制这种投资机会主义的蔓延。     

Tourism as a vehicle for regional development in peripheral areas – myth or reality? A longitudinal case study of Swedish regions

In the contemporary so-called ‘competition state era’, many rural and peripheral regions are in decline. Tourism is increasingly viewed as being able to alleviate and rejuvenate regions that are facing economic difficulties. The European Union has launched several programmes with the goal of stimulating growth and employment in peripheral areas. These programmes are often used to support tourism development projects. In this paper, a longitudinal analysis of spatial changes in Swedish tourism is conducted. The analysis is based on statistics regarding overnight stays in Swedish commercial accommodation facilities. The aim is to investigate if tourism and tourism policy contribute to the reduction in disparities between regions. Although there are exceptions, the main findings indicate that the potential for creating sustainable rural tourism growth through tourism policy seems to be much less than the popular discourse suggests.     

乡村旅游对农户农林业生产和外出务工影响研究——基于陕西22个旅游扶贫村农户调查数据

利用课题组2017年6-8月在陕西安康、商洛、汉中、宝鸡4市9县22个旅游扶贫村收集的841个农户调查数据，采用双重选择模型（DSM）等分析了农户参与旅游对家庭农林业劳动时间、外出务工时间的影响。研究发现，参与旅游有助于增加调查地的农户收入，旅游兼营型农户收入更高。在全样本中，参与旅游对农户农林业生产时间具有显著负向作用，但在参与了旅游的农户样本中，农户参与旅游一些特征或形式，如土特产销售，对农林业生产则有显著正向作用；在多个模型中，农户从事旅游对家庭外出务工活动具有显著的负向作用。提出了延长农业产业链、发展“旅游+农业”、促进农村一二三产业融合，提高景区带村作用、完善旅游扶贫政策等对策建议。     

Rising Second Home Numbers in Rural Ireland: Distribution,Drivers and Implications

This article highlights a marked growth in the number of second homes in Ireland since the mid-1990s, which is concentrated in the rural and coastal parts of the peripheral Border, Midwest, Southeast, Southwest and West regions, together with parallel growth in the number of long-term vacant dwellings in these regions. These phenomena are linked to economic and population growth, the “laissez faire” nature of land use planning in rural Ireland, the generous fiscal treatment of housing, as well as tax incentives to encourage house building in economically marginal areas. The social and economic impacts of these dwelling on individual localities vary, depending on their number, usage patterns and the nature of the local economy and housing market. However, their environmental consequences are largely negative as is their impact on the national economy and on the economies of those regions where vacant dwellings are concentrated. Thus, our research questions the value of housing-led rural development, as they can result in excessive output of vacant and second homes and highlights the importance of adequately resourcing planning authorities if the worst excesses of rural housing overdevelopment are to be avoided.