古村落景区游客拥挤感知维度与游憩情绪影响机制研究——以西递、宏村为例

拥挤感知被认为是影响游客的游憩体验和满意度的重要指标,通过构建拥挤感知的多维度变化来探讨游客情绪的变化对满意度的影响研究仍不成熟。本文以西递、宏村为研究案例地,运用结构方程模型分析方法,构建空间拥挤、人潮拥挤和体验拥挤维度对游客游憩过程的影响模型,探讨了游客拥挤三个维度的影响因素。研究表明：①人潮拥挤对情感依附型游客积极情绪呈正向影响;②空间拥挤增加消极情绪,与游客满意度呈负相关关系;③体验拥挤对游客积极情绪呈显著负向影响;④人潮拥挤-积极情绪-满意度（0.359）之间的相互关系强于人潮拥挤-消极情绪-满意度（0.128）;空间拥挤-积极情绪-游客满意度（-0.241）的关联度强于空间拥挤-消极情绪-游客满意度（-0.142）;体验拥挤-积极情绪-游客满意度（-0.167）之间的影响关系弱于体验拥挤-消极情绪-游客满意度（-0.213）;⑤人口特征对拥挤感知的影响差异显著。     

USER REACTIONS TO A VISITOR DISTRIBUTION PROGRAMME IN KILLARNEY PROVINCIAL PARK, ONTARIO: A REPLY

Rothacker expresses concern about an apparent methodological error that could lead to the possible adoption of inappropriate management policies. Rothacker fears we have neglected the possibility of user displacement, an interpretation that stems largely from our observation that 'interviewing was focused on those areas of the park where recreational use was concentrated.' We trust that the following explanation will clarify the situation and alleviate his concerns.     

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY PREFERENCES OF RESIDENT AND TOURIST CAMPERS IN THE YELLOWKNIFE REGION

Tourism may represent an important component of regional economic development strategies, and geographic research on recreation behaviour can provide data, of potential planning utility, about recreational activity preferences. The results of a campground survey in the Yellowknife region showed that residents and tourists differed in recreational activity preferences but not in recreational satisfaction. The residence variable has implications beyond the superficial spatial separation of residential origin and recreational destination and can guide choices between natural environmental protection and facility development in recreational resource management.
Le tourisme peut ětre un element important des stratégies de développement économique régional, et les recherches géographiques sur le sujet de la récréation peut fournir des renseignements, d'un intérět capital pour la planification, au sujet des préférences pour des activités récréatives. Les résultats de l'enquète des terrains de camping dans la région de Yellowknife ont montré que les résidents et touristes different dans leurs activités récréatives alors qu'ils s'accordent en ce qu'il concerne les satisfactions récréatives. Le variable de résidence posséde des implications qui surpassent la séparation spatiale et superficielle entre l'origine de résidence et la destination de récréation, et peut informer les décisions entre la protection du milieu naturel et le développement des facilités pour l'amenagement des ressources de récréation.     

大型体育场馆对城市居民休闲体育行为时空规律的影响研究——以国内三个城市为例

建成环境与身体活动的关系备受地理学者关注。休闲体育活动是一种融合体育运动和游憩的休闲性身体活动。大型体育场馆作为城市重要的休闲体育建成环境,关注其对居民休闲体育行为影响研究尚不足。基于三个城市大型体育场馆的居民休闲体育行为调查,本文探讨大型体育场馆对居民休闲体育行为时空规律及其影响因素。研究发现：①距离场馆越远,休闲体育者到访越少;因交通网覆盖度及交通可达性提升,局部呈现多中心集聚衰减特征。②10 km以内距离集中90%以上休闲体育者,30 min以内时间最可接受。③家庭结构、场馆活动频率和满意度对到访时空规律影响不显著;年龄、月收入和文化程度等对3 km以内影响较大;随距离增加,休闲体育偏好和机动化出行方式等影响显著。     

A Framework for Managing Diver Impacts on Historic Shipwrecks

Shipwrecks are becoming increasingly popular and, therefore important attractions for recreational scuba divers. Divers’ usage of these sites has the potential to create a range of adverse impacts on their cultural heritage values. Impacts associated with recreational scuba diving include boat anchor and mooring damage, impairment of site integrity and stability, the effects of intentional and unintentional contact with shipwrecks and artifacts, as well as divers’ exhaled air bubbles coming into contact with shipwrecks. While these consequences may not present a major threat in comparison to other human impacts, such as fishing activities, extractive industries or commercial salvage, their cumulative effect can be significant, particularly at sites where visitation levels are high. Unlike natural events such as storms, diver impacts can be controlled and managing these impacts is an important component of a heritage management strategy for any site. Heritage managers face the difficult challenge of, on the one hand, balancing divers’ access to important underwater cultural heritage sites, and on the other hand, protecting these sites. This paper outlines the causes and nature of potential recreational diver impacts on shipwrecks, briefly describing a range of management approaches that can mitigate such impacts, and presents a framework for the management of diver impacts on cultural heritage values of historic shipwrecks. The framework is designed to assist managers in deciding on appropriate management actions and priorities for particular sites.     

旅游者环境责任行为影响因素研究的元分析

本文运用元分析方法,综合国内学者的定量研究结果,最终选择27篇文章详细的数据,对旅游者环境责任行为影响因素的关系强度做了系统分析。研究结果表明：①通过漏斗图和FSN值检验,均显示样本具有代表性,不存在发表偏倚;②验证了地方依恋、游憩涉入、态度、满意度、规范、知识以及感知价值对旅游者环境责任行为显著的正向影响,其中满意度对旅游者环境责任行为的影响强度最高,其次为地方依恋、游憩涉入、知识、规范和态度,感知价值最低;③研究样本量的差异在感知价值、规范、满意度及态度对旅游者环境责任行为的影响关系中调节作用明显;④研究案例地类型差异在地方依恋、感知价值、满意度、态度、涉入及知识对旅游者环境责任行为之间具有调节作用;⑤研究的年份差异在地方依恋、态度、游憩涉入、知识与旅游者环境责任行为间的关系存在调节作用。     

Economic values for recreational planning at Horton Plains National Park,Sri Lanka

Although recreational planning in national parks has long taken visitor characteristics and perceptions into consideration, economic valuation to date has not been part of such planning. Our study applies economic valuation for recreational planning in the Horton Plains National Park (HPNP) in Sri Lanka. The study, using a pretested questionnaire, interviewed 188 respondents in order to identify existing visitor satisfaction levels as well as visitor perceptions on available facilities. The existing visitor satisfaction at HPNP was 54%. Two alternative recreational scenarios were, therefore, developed based on visitor perceptions on how to enhance visitor satisfaction at the park. A hypothetical travel cost method and contingent valuation method (CVM) were used to estimate (1) the welfare benefits in terms of consumer surplus and (2) the demand in terms of willingness to pay (WTP) for the proposed recreational scenarios. The sample size for the economic study was 352 respondents. The per-visitor welfare benefits were financially valued at Sri Lanka Rupees (SLR) 3794 (USD 1 = SLR 130) and SLR 7045 for scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. These values show a 15 to 30 times increase from the existing value of the welfare benefits. The net present value of benefits also increased from SLR 516.8 million to SLR 5296.92 million and SLR 9835.73 million under scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. Under CVM, the estimated mean WTP values were SLR 132.00 and SLR 190.32 under scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. These values can be used as a tool for revising pricing policies at HPNP. Visitors' response to the proposed recreational scenarios suggests the need for planners to institute proper recreational schemes to enhance the welfare benefits of visitors. The study underscores the role economic valuation can play in policy decisions relating to recreational planning in national parks.     

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Recreational Angling Effort in a Warm‐Temperate Australian Estuary

Among the critical issues for the management of estuarine fish resources is the need to adequately identify the extent of use by recreational fishers, and the allocation of the resource between recreational and commercial users. Recreational anglers in estuaries often target a similar range of estuarine fish species to commercial fishers. Prior to the declaration of ‘recreational fishing havens’ (estuarine waters closed to commercial netting but remaining open to recreational angling) in many New South Wales (NSW) estuaries in May 2002, the estuary of the Manning River on the central NSW coast supported the tenth most productive commercial estuarine net fishery in the State. To quantify the recreational angling effort in the Manning River estuary, progressive counts were made of shore‐based and boat‐based anglers from a small power boat from June 2001 to May 2002. Sample days (eight per month) were chosen in a stratified random fashion, taking into account the proportions of weekends, public holidays and school holidays in each month. The total recreational angling effort exerted on the estuary for the 12‐month period was 144 892 ± 3248 angler‐hours, indicating a low to medium effort compared to other NSW estuaries of similar size. Over half of the effort was exerted in the section nearest the northern entrance at Harrington. There was relatively little variation in shore‐based angling effort throughout the year, whereas boat‐based fishing increased markedly in summer. Months that coincided with NSW school holidays were most popular, especially January. More recreational fishing effort was exerted in the afternoons than in the mornings during winter, but this trend was reversed in summer. Although daily effort was much higher on weekends than weekdays, the total cumulative effort was generally similar, due to the greater number of weekdays in the year. Pilot studies of catch per unit effort indicate that the recreational catch in the Manning River estuary is probably small compared to the pre‐closure commercial catch. Therefore management strategies aimed at limiting the recreational catch are likely to have minimal impact on fish stocks in the estuary when compared with regulation of the commercial sector.     

城市居民休闲生活满意度及其影响机制:以杭州为例

经典休闲满意度定义衡量的是个体在休闲活动过程中体验到的主观感受,实质上是休闲活动满意度,而不是个体对于其整个休闲生活状况的综合评价。文章因此提出了休闲生活满意度的概念,并以杭州为案例,对中国城市居民休闲生活满意度状况及其影响机制进行了探讨。研究发现,目前中国城市居民休闲生活满意度总体偏低。结构方程模型分析的结果表明:休闲时间、休闲参与频率、休闲活动满意度对休闲生活满意度都有一定正向影响,其中休闲时间、休闲参与频率的影响较大,而休闲活动满意度的影响较小。     

饭店员工满意度与努力度关系实证研究

目前学术界和业界普遍认为,饭店服务质量、顾客满意度和企业利润与员工的满意度直接相关。但本文通过对某饭店企业进行调查研究后发现：员工满意度与努力度并非呈正相关;依据满意度和努力度,员工可划分为4种类型：满意度努力度双高;满意度低努力度高;满意度高努力度低;满意度努力度双低;不同管理体制下员工的满意度和努力度有明显差异,其中,在实行合同制的员工中满意度和努力度双高的员工比例最高;与饭店服务质量、顾客满意度和企业利润直接相关的是员工的努力度而不是满意度。因此,建议国有饭店推行合同制管理;今后应加强员工努力度研究。以实现人力资源的高效管理。     

Ambiance, Structure, Et Stratégie: Recherche Sur L'Appréciation Du Paysage Forestier Par Les Campeurs

L'utilisation efficace des espaces consacrés aux loisirs et l'optimalisation de la satisfaction des usagers exigent la compréhension des relations entre ceux-ci et leur environnement. Cet article explore les liens entre 1'attraction d'un site de camping en milieu forestier et I'ambiance qui y règne. On montre d'abord comment cette notion d'ambiance peut-être mise en ceuvre à travers le concept écologique de structure de la végétation forestière. L'étude montre ensuite le rôle important que jouent ces caractéristiques structurelles dans le choix d'un site pour l'usager. Ce choix est le résultat de stratégies qui, tout en s'adaptant aux particularités du milieu, visent la satisfaction de certaines préférences fondamentales du campeur.
The most efficient use of a recreational area as well as the optimization of user satisfaction require the elucidation of the relationships between recreationists and their environment. This article investigates the links between the attractiveness of camping sites in a forest environment and the ambiance which characterizes these sites. It is first shown how the notion of ambiance can be operationalized through the ecological concept of forest structure. Then the study points out the role of this structural dimension of a forest environment as a factor of the user's choice. This choice results from strategies which are aimed at the satisfaction of some of the camper's fundamental preferences while, at the same time, being adapted to environmental characteristics.     

Antebellum Harvard students and the recreational exploration of the New England landscape

This paper examines a nineteenth-century geographic activity, the recreational exploration of the wilderness areas of northern New England and nearby environments by Harvard students. Conventions of literary expression and social behaviour spurred and shaped such activity, but undergirding these temporally-specific patterns were more universal characteristics of late-adolescent behaviour. Biological, anthropological and what may be called geographical imperatives led students to explore the limits of their regional environment and incorporate the values of the wilderness experience into their own maturational processes. The early journeys into the eastern wilderness of the geographical historian Francis Parkman are set in the context of these more universal institutional and behavioural patterns.     

国内外城市生态游憩空间研究进展

城市生态游憩空间是重要的稀缺资源,在生态环境保护和宜居城市建设方面发挥着巨大作用。本文基于Web of Science核心合辑和中国知网收录的期刊文章,对国内外城市生态游憩空间的相关研究进行了系统回顾,指出国外研究集中在空间布局与管理、与可持续城市的互动关系、游憩者使用以及居民福祉;国内研究则更关注特征演变、生态系统服务评价、规划开发和游憩利用。结果表明,城市生态游憩空间研究具有视角多元、尺度多样、方法广泛的特点,但在未来研究中,中国仍需完善理论构建、丰富研究对象、坚持以人为本、强化耦合关系,以优化研究体系。     

发展型城市政体主导的城市游憩商业区空间生产研究——以西安大唐不夜城为例

基于列斐伏尔空间三元论的理论视角,以西安大唐不夜城城市游憩商业区为例,采用城市政体理论的分析方法,深入探讨城市游憩商业区空间的生产机制和利益相关者之间的相互作用关系。研究发现：空间三元论可以用来解析城市游憩商业区的空间生产过程。空间的表征是政—商增长联盟主导构建符号化空间的过程。表征的空间中的社会关系,表现为发展型城市政体三方参与者的互动关系：一是公众在实体和虚拟空间中同步建构起来的空间想象和身份认同;二是政—商增长联盟对公众空间想象的积极回应,促使符号化空间的进一步情景化,以及空间的重塑。其中,网络时代的社交媒体已经成为公众参与城市政体议价的新路径。空间的实践表现在地域生产关系的转变和城市游憩商业区影响力的尺度跃迁。空间生产的上述三个方面是三位一体的辩证统一关系。研究还发现,在城市游憩商业区这种空间类型中,发展型城市政体导致公众对符号化空间规训的反应以悦纳为主,而非抵抗。     

国外旅游目的地游客管理研究进展

作为当前国外旅游研究领域的前沿热点问题之一,旅游目的地游客管理(Visitor Management)是一种以游客为中心的新型旅游管理模式。在对国外游客管理方面的文献进行搜集和整理的基础上,文章从游客需求和偏好研究,游客容量管理,游客行为管理,游客体验管理,游客安全管理以及游客冲击管理等6个方面分析了近年来国外游客管理的研究脉络和研究进展情况,并且指出了其研究的薄弱环节。并对国外游客管理的研究进展进行了系统综述,以期为国内旅游目的地游客管理的理论与实践提供借鉴和参考。     

西安大唐芙蓉园国内游憩利用价值评估

近年来,旅游资源的游憩价值评估受到越来越多的关注,对旅游资源进行评估是对其合理开发利用的前提。西安大唐芙蓉园是以唐文化著称的主题公园,本文选用基于分区的多目的地旅行费用法(MZTC)对其国内游憩利用价值进行了评估,由评估结果可知,大唐芙蓉园的旅游资源具有相当大的游憩开发潜力,为国内TCM今后的研究提供案例和借鉴。另外,基于分区的多目的地旅行费用法(MZTC)在此处应用相对合理,对于与大唐芙蓉园所处区位类似的历史文化主题公园或旅游地也可应用此方法进行评估。     

北京游憩土地的配置与管理对策研究——基于国际视角

通过整理有关游憩土地的政策法规和管理条例,分析了香港和新加坡两个世界著名宜居城市游憩土地的规划原则、管理体制和游憩活动开展,指出北京等国内城市的公共性游憩土地配置方式是采用风景名胜区、森林公园、自然保护区和市民公园等形式。文章将北京与香港、新加坡的游憩土地配置相比较,从土地管理、需求指标、项目开展和游憩土地的公众性四个方面提出了北京等国内城市游憩土地配置管理的不足以及改进方向,提出北京应建立游憩用地的统一管理机构,健全公众参与与公平进入的保障措施,开发丰富多彩的游憩活动以及努力将非建设用地转换成游憩空间的四项优化对策。     

县级城镇居民休闲行为研究——以云南蒙自县为例

随着社会经济的发展,城市居民自由时间的增多,休闲日益社会化和大众化。本文以县级城镇云南蒙自为例,通过调查分析,得出城镇居民休闲行为的一般特征,并对其形成原因进行相关分析。此结论可以为县级城镇进行城市休闲设施的供给与空间布局提供支持,为多种形式的城市休闲产业的发展提供参考。     

THE REGIONALIZATION OF A WATERWAY: A STUDY OF RECREATIONAL BOAT TRAFFIC

The Trent-Severn Waterway is an artificially connected series of lakes and rivers used primarily for recreational boating. A graph theoretic analysis of 56,675 boat trips was conducted to establish the predominant boating patterns on the waterway. Short trips, with a high degree of directional balance, are characteristic. Seven distinct nodal regions with high isolation ratios can be clearly identified as the result of the highly localized nature of most of the boat traffic.
La voie navigable Trent-Severn se compose d'un ensemble de lacs et de rivières, reliés artificiellement; la voie est utilisé principalement pour la navigation de plaisance. Afin d'établir les modèles prédominants d'usage de la voie navigable, l'auteur a entrepris une analyse ← graph théorique → de 56,675 voyages en bateau. Les trajets les plus caractéristiques sont assez courts et présentent un équilibre d'orientation élevé. étant donné le caractère très localisé de la navigation, on peut identifier clairement sept régions nodales distinctes qui ont toutes des raisons d'isolement élevées.
The geographic study of outdoor recreation, in those cases which have focused on recreational areas, has been largely static; recreational areas have been treated as formal (i.e. uniform) rather than functional regions. In this paper, by contrast, graph theory is used to develop a model of the internal spatial structure of a waterway, disaggregating what is conventionally thought of as a single recreational unit into its component regions in a way that reflects the trip patterns of recreational boaters.     

Techniques for the Recreational Evaluation of an Area

Because of the problem of factor weights in any integral evaluation of landscapes for recreational purposes, a systems approach is proposed for classifying factors in terms of relative significance. Internal and external landscape structures are distinguished. Internal structure involves the organization of the landscape, including components and their natural interactions. External structure reflects the landscape system's relations with other systems, either adjacent landscapes or systems of human activities. For purposes of recreational evaluation, landscape elements must be differentiated into classes in terms of their impact on recreation: active elements, favoring particular recreational uses; limiting elements; compensatory elements. The state of recreational resources must also take account of current economic use of the land. Some types of economic uses combine more readily with recreational uses than others. The systems technique is illustrated with reference to the Moscow region and the Issyk-Kul' basin in Central Asia.