论江苏工业遗产保护与利用

19世纪末至20世纪中叶,江苏沿江各大城市的近代工商业发展壮大。随着现代化工业的发展,过去一些门类的工业生产逐渐衰退,而这些建筑物、工厂车间、机械、磨坊等已成为具有特定价值的工业遗产。通过对工业遗产内涵的界定,明确了工业遗产的价值,揭示了保护工作的紧迫性,探索江苏工业遗产资源的保护和重新利用。     

制定工业遗产评价导则的必要性

<正>2014年5月29日在北京召开的中国文物学会工业遗产委员会成立大会上,中国文物学会工业遗产委员会、中国建筑学会工业建筑遗产学术委员会、中国历史文化名城委员会工业遗产学部联名发表了《中国工业遗产价值评价导则》(试行),《导则》结合国际宪章《下塔吉尔宪章》、英国的工业遗产选定基准、国内的相关研究,并调研了部分工业遗产普查机构,对选定标准进行研究总结,供相关研究者参考。为何要研究制定工业遗产价值评价导则?如何进一步     

矿业遗产技术价值及特征要素研究——以大冶铜绿山古铜矿遗址为例

技术价值是工业遗产的核心价值之一,需要通过一定的特征要素呈现出来,从而被识别和感知。矿业遗产是工业遗产中蕴含技术价值最为显著的一类,其特征要素也更为丰富和突出,可作为研究的突破口。矿业遗产技术价值应围绕矿业生产中的一系列技术展开,包括技术本身承载的或通过技术反映出来的价值。矿业遗产技术价值特征要素可被归纳为四个方面,包括物质要素、技术及工艺流程、生产人员和管理体系、生产活动对当时社会的影响等。上述内容能够通过田野考古、科技考古、操作链分析、科学技术史研究等途径挖掘。湖北大冶铜绿山古铜矿遗址,依照上述四个方面剖析其技术价值特征要素,包括选址、井巷、竖炉、工具等;探矿、采矿、冶炼技术及工艺流程;人员结构、生产体系等;对政治军事、经济文化、科技的影响等,进而可归纳出与技术价值的对应关系。案例研究为矿业遗产技术价值研究提供详细的分析路径,即挖掘技术价值特征要素,分析要素反映技术价值的特征,归纳并阐释技术价值。该研究体系可普遍适用于从古代延续至近现代的矿业遗产,有利于促进矿业遗产调查研究、价值评估等工作的开展,为工业遗产保护利用工作奠定基础,对工业考古和工业遗产学科的发展也应有所裨益。     

权威遗产话语下中国当代工业遗产话语建构的思考——以三线建设工业遗产为例

当今在世界遗产研究与实践领域，根植于西方现代史观及价值观的权威遗产话语掌控着遗产的价值与意义阐释权，中国工业遗产的话语声量显得很微弱，三线建设工业遗产因此面临一些困境。构建符合本土语境的工业遗产话语有助于其摆脱“削足适履”和“丢车保帅”的命运，展现其遗产所凝练的中华民族的文化基因、精神追求和价值取向，同时三线建设作为中华人民共和国成立后首次独立自主的社会主义工业化探索，其工业遗产亦是解释中国工业化、现代化崛起的理想切入点。     

吉林工业遗产保护的思考

本文全面总结梳理吉林省工业遗产的基本状况、公布文物保护单位的情况、存在的问题并提出保护建议,以期为《工业遗产保护和利用导则》的出台提供参考意见,进一步完善工业遗产保护体系,推动文化遗产保护和利用整体提升。     

国外工业遗产再利用对福州马尾区工业旅游开发的启示

本文在理解工业旅游和工业遗产旅游的起源和概念基础上,从西方国家对工业遗产保存和再利用的模式中受到启发,分析了福州马尾区工业旅游开发的条件,突出马尾造船厂这个具有代表性的历史遗迹及其船政文化的内涵,强调马尾区工业旅游开发特色在于对"工业遗产"的保存和利用、对近代船政文化的发扬光大,而不仅仅限于现代造船工业的观光。在借鉴国内外工业旅游开发经验基础上,提出了适合福州马尾区的传统和现代工业相结合的工业旅游开发设想。     

浅谈太原市工业遗产的保护及利用

工业遗产作为人类文化遗产中的重要组成部分,具有极高的历史学、社会学、建筑学等研究价值。随着中国经济、社会、科技的高速发展,城市产业结构转型、城市规划的布局调整成为一种趋势,在新的社会环境下市区内的工业园区已无法满足城市本身与市民的基本需求,很大一部分工厂、企业被迫搬迁甚至倒闭,遗留下来的大量工业建筑、机械设备等工业遗存作为物质载体见证了我国工业发展的兴衰变迁,如何更好地利用这些工业遗产成为当今的一项重要课题。文章以太原市工业遗产为研究对象,挖掘工业遗存价值,探索太原工业遗产转型保护及利用的策略与方法。     

场所精神:中国城市工业遗产保护的核心价值选择

中国工业遗产保护从产生到发展从实质来看是西方工业遗产保护理论和实践的延伸,存在着重物质文化遗产的物质本体,轻精神文化内涵;重物质类工业遗产,轻非物质类工业遗产的倾向。当前中国工业遗产保护应通过保护和营造其"场所精神"来突出中国特色。中国工业遗产"场所精神"是指它的环境特性和意义,即它承载的城市文脉和公众参与、认同。中国工业遗产"场所精神"保护的对象是其独具特色的本体和对城市与公众的意义。中国工业遗产"场所精神"营造的对象是其在新历史时期与城市发展共融的再诠释。     

中国工业遗产话语变迁的背景历程、话语特质及文化条件分析

作为驱动世界秩序转型的物质佐证和逻辑形制,中国工业遗产亦经历近似于西方遗产语境中发生的工业遗产话语变迁历程,并表现出速率更高、密度更大、范围更广的本土化特点。在中国资源枯竭型城市数接近其城市总数的11%、部分城市及地区进入后工业化时代初期及其工业遗产面临全球大遗产语境中的话语显示度困境等背景下,以2006年为标志性时间节点,中国工业遗产从三个方面开启了话语变迁历程：政策话语的多层次聚集、专业化的话语内容及多层次的话语场,并表现出四个方面的话语特质：镌刻显性的红色基因与民族情怀、呈现中国工业化布局的历史变迁、强调遗产项的适应性再利用及彰显工业发展不同阶段的中国特色。而该变迁的发生主要基于三大文化条件：强有力的物质与非物质支撑、多维的社会基础及可持续性的情感连接。     

从绿野村庄到洛厄尔:美国的工业博物馆与工业遗产保护

工业博物馆是工业遗产保护的重要模式之一。20世纪六七十年代以来的工业考古热潮,催生出美国许多工业遗址博物馆,与传统工业博物馆并驾齐驱。由于工业遗址博物馆与城市更新、经济发展的关系更为紧密,成为当前工业博物馆发展的主流。美国政府制定的一系列相关法规,建立专门的工业遗产调查记录机构,出台推动工业遗产保护的税收优惠政策以及工业遗产旅游可持续发展战略,为美国工业博物馆发展和工业遗产保护奠定了坚实的基础。今天美国工业遗产保护与再利用处于世界先进水平,其经验值得我们重视。     

工业遗产原真性游客感知的调查研究:上海案例

本文首先剖析工业遗产的原真性之内涵;其次选择9个典型工业遗产点进行问卷调查,获得游客对工业遗产原真性感知数据;分析表明,游客参与性、遗产和地方内涵揭示、消费者偏好、商品的工艺工业是影响游客真实性感知的主要因子;作者认为,在上海工业旅游中,各类主体对工业遗产原真性的忽视,导致工业遗产地在被改造再利用中呈现弱化原真性的倾向;工业遗产旅游活动中游客体验原真的活动不足,而且工业遗产地社区居民生活的真实性受到越来越多的干扰甚至消失。根据测评结果和调查发现的问题,作者提出获取工业遗产原真性感知最大化的策略,以期增强游客的旅游体验,推进工业旅游资源开发,更好地保护工业遗产。     

THE ROLT MEMORIAL LECTURE 2012: INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE AT RISK

Abstract

This article describes the 2011 English Heritage ‘Industrial Heritage at Risk’ project. Having examined the findings of a public attitudes survey on the industrial heritage, it looks at the key risks and conservation solutions facing industrial sites, and the role the lead organisations play in their rescue. The entries on the Heritage at Risk Register are examined and the top ten industrial heritage at risk sites in England identified. A range of outputs are described together with the media coverage that accompanied the launch of the project.

Progress since 2011 is considered including the separation in April 2015 of English Heritage into two organisations — Historic England and the English Heritage Trust. The important role that volunteers and local groups play in the conservation and management of England's industrial heritage is acknowledged throughout, and a possible new role for the Association for Industrial Archaeology suggested as part of Heritage 2020.     

Buddhist buildings in England: the construction of ‘under-represented’ faith heritage in a multicultural and post-Christian setting

Until recently the ‘heritage industry’ in England overlooked buildings of minority faith traditions. Little has been written about this ‘under-represented’ heritage. Drawing on data from the first national survey of Buddhist buildings in England, we examine the ways in which Buddhist heritage is beginning to be incorporated into the state-funded ‘heritage industry’ as well as how Buddhist communities in England construct heritage through these buildings. First, we draw upon spatial theory in the study of religion to examine three dimensions of minority faith buildings in England and what this tells us about the communities involved: ‘location’ (i.e. the geographical location of the buildings); ‘space’ (i.e. what the buildings are used for and their relationship to local, national and transnational scales); and ‘place’ (i.e. what types of buildings are selected by different communities and why). We then turn to theories of memory that have become popular within the study of religion as well as heritage studies. Religion understood as ‘a chain of memory’ plays an important role in heritage construction via faith buildings, and an analysis of faith buildings, their spatial dimensions and role in ‘memorywork’, helps us think through the dynamics of modern religious belief in a multicultural and post-Christian setting.     

Aesthetic cosmopolitan,national and local popular music heritage in Melbourne’s music laneways

There are currently few examples of popular music being officially celebrated as heritage in Australia. Interest in this area is growing, however, and this paper examines how Melbourne, the capital of the state of Victoria, has recently named three laneways after rock artists, namely, AC/DC Lane, Amphlett Lane and Rowland S. Howard Lane. Using interview and observational data collected at the laneways, we demonstrate that these spaces respectively reflect aesthetic cosmopolitan heritage (AC/DC Lane), national heritage (Amphlett Lane), and sub-national heritage (Rowland S. Howard Lane). The number of visitors to these laneways varies greatly across the sites, and reflects the national and international success of the artist commemorated. The laneways’ success as commemorative sites is also related to intersections of globally circulating ideas about what constitutes ‘rock’, what urban spaces should look or feel like, and how heritage is expected to be enacted (especially for tourists). Within this field, there are specifics relating to the Australian music industry that appear to find clear reflection in the sites chosen and their level of success as memorial spaces.     

近现代工业遗产博物馆的特点与内涵

近现代工业遗产博物馆是博物馆的一种特殊类型,目前正呈现快速增长的态势。其特点主要表现为以近现代工业遗址性博物馆为主体,以在工业遗址的原状陈列为主要展示手法,以反映近现代城市工业文明足迹为主题,体现专题性与区域性的产业发展史。近现代工业遗产博物馆具有独特的内涵,它是解读近现代工业城市发展历史的一部书,也是折射近现代工业城市社会生活的一面镜子。近现代工业遗产博物馆的建设对城市个性的塑造具有重要的意义(增加)。     

Remembering an Industrial Landscape

Abandoned industrial factories and decaying communities have become a common sight in many places throughout the western world. Since the beginning of the postindustrial age communities have needed to make decisions about how to deal with these industrial landscapes. The celebration and interpretation of these places become important in a region's heritage. The struggle between labor and capital to control the meaning of the past is ongoing. Often, when under the control of government agencies, the story of labor is overshadowed by the benefits of industrial and engineering feats. Working-class histories, which are readily available for public interpretation, are omitted or downplayed in an industrial site's official memory.Virginius Island, located in Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, is one example where a working-class history is available for public interpretation, although the park continues to promote industrial heritage over working-class heritage. While archaeological investigations over the past several decades on the island have mainly focused on recovering signatures of its industry, recent work has explored the lives of the workers and their families who toiled in this industrial community. The latest effort to stabilize above-ground ruins that continues into the early twenty-first century has concentrated exclusively on the industrial sites. The interpretation of the island and the development of trails have made many of the industrial ruins accessible to the public. Today the National Park Service spends considerable time protecting, stabilizing, and interpreting the industrial sites on the park's landscape. It is obvious that the histories fading from the official memory are those that belong to the craft-oriented and working-class community.     

建构主义视角下工业遗产的功能置换和意义诠释——广州红专厂的案例研究

从建构主义的角度,研究广州红专厂的空间功能置换和游客感知,空间功能的置换具体表现为物质载体工业建筑和机器设备的外观改造及用途变化,而游客感知则通过分析游客对工业遗产空间的感知情况,探讨空间置换后产生和传达出的意义。通过比较这些意义与工业遗产价值的关系,可以更好的理解工业遗产空间的消费主义改造方式,也可以更好的理解创意产业空间所体现的当今社会对工业遗产的态度。研究发现,游客将红专厂理解为一个文化艺术和休闲消费的场所,而不是工业文明的记忆空间。红专厂工业空间的创意产业园式改造,传递出的已经不是工业文化的内涵,而是新的消费意义,实际上是工业文化向消费文化转变的过程。这种再利用方式与真正意义上的工业遗产保护是有所偏离的。     

Assessing stories before sites: identifying the tangible from the intangible

Despite a growing recognition that intangible heritage forms an important part of the significance of heritage sites, and that intangible values are intertwined with material resources and spaces, many procedures for the identification and management of heritage sites remain unchanged and fail to integrate these two sets of values. The conservation of heritage sites continues to be dominated by a process that first identifies a material site and then identifies the associated values that comprise its significance. This paper suggests that rather than identifying the physical expression of heritage as the initial point of heritage assessment, the stories (or intangible values) of a region or national history can form the primary mechanism for identifying physical heritage sites. Using the example of Australian government policies of Aboriginal segregation and assimilation, we suggest how national stories – or intangible values – might be used to identify representative sites.     

Private Business Investments in Heritage Sites in Tanzania: Recent Developments and Challenges for Heritage Management

Private business investments in heritage sites in Tanzania have recently captured scholarly interest of some archaeologists. Curiosity in the matter has largely emanated from a fundamental need to widen the sites’ utilization through heritage tourism. This paper reviews a recent incident in which a local community explicitly opposed the minister of Natural Resources and Tourism handing over ceremony of Kunduchi ruins site to a private investor. The paper also highlights recent developments, problems in private business investments, and their potential implications to the conservation and management of heritage sites in Tanzania.