The founding of the Edinburgh medical school

This article seeks to show that the usual accounts of the founding of the Edinburgh Medical Faculty in 1726 give undue prominence to John Monro, an Edinburgh surgeon, and to George Drummond, later Lord Provost of Edinburgh. They do so because their authors have ignored the ways in which patronage appointments, such as medical professorships, were and had been dispensed in the city of Edinburgh and in its university. There the Town Council was only nominally independent when it came to making professors. Medical historians have been equally cavalier in their treatment of the roles of leading politicians, especially of Archibald Campbell, first Earl of Ilay and later third Duke of Argyll, who was the most important Scottish politician working between c. 1716 and his death inl 1761. A more realistic view of the history of Scottish medicine would not ignore the realities of politics and the relation of these to institutions, such as the Edinburgh Medical Faculty.     

The 15th anniversary of the founding ceremony of Beiiing Tibetan Medicine Hospital

At the end of 1992,Beijing Tibetan Medicine Hospital was founded through cooperation initiated by the China Tibetology Research Center with the Tibetan Medicine Hospital of Lhoka Prefecture in the TAR.Having adopted the     

秦封泥的发现及其研究

古代书囊笥多加绳捆扎，在绳结处以胶泥加封，上盖玺印，谓之封泥。19世纪末，即有大量齐鲁封泥出土于山东。此后，在全国各地又出土了大量汉封泥。秦封泥出土数量极少。前人作如吴式芬、陈介祺《封泥考略》仅怀疑“参(三)川尉印”、“赵郡左田”、     

新中国成立前后日本与中国东北贸易的发展

1948—1950年,美国政府制订并实施了发展有限日中贸易的政策。中国东北作为日本传统的贸易对象,成为美国复兴日本经济的政策中对外贸易的一个重点。美国政策制订者认为,发展与共产党中国的贸易,不仅对重建日本经济十分重要,同时能减轻美国的财政负担,更有可能借此制造中苏分裂。日本与中国东北的贸易在这一政策下有所恢复。但是,随着朝鲜战争的爆发,这一政策匆匆收场。其原因首先在于政策本身就是自相矛盾的,美国国务院和军方之间始终存在着意见分歧。其次,东北解放区优先发展同苏联贸易的政策也决定了东北与日本的经贸关系不可能有大的发展。     

中共创建时期党内的几次争论

中国革命有着自己的特点,这在创建时期党内的几场争论中大都有所反映.然而从这些争论的结果来看,对中国革命的一些基本问题,党显然还没有形成统一的明确认识.这使得中共对于理论准备不足情况下,怎样建设马克思主义的政党,以及在非无产阶级群体中,如何建成工人阶级的先锋队,这两大与生俱来问题的解决大大地延误了.     

为了历史的尊严--评<从耶鲁到东京:为南京大屠杀取证>

章开沅先生是我非常敬仰的历史学家,也是一位非常可亲的长者.一个偶然的机缘,他在耶鲁神学院发现了以贝德士博士(也是章先生早先的老师)为代表的原金陵大学以及当时南京安全区国际委员会的部分外籍教师和传教士有关南京大屠杀的目击证词,并由此一头扎进了有关南京大屠杀的研究,终于在古稀之年迎来了又一个学术高峰.     

试述明代南京守备的创设时间及首任内守备

明代留都南京设立内外守备、参赞机务等官员负责护卫留都安全,其中内守备设立最早,时间在永乐二十二年八月,外守备随即设立于次月。首任内守备应为王景弘（又名王贵通）,而非郑和。     

共产国际、陈独秀与中国共产党的创建

中国共产党的建立是中国革命史上开天辟地的大事变.自从有了中国共产党,中国革命的面目就为之一新了.本文主要根据俄罗斯国家社会政治历史档案馆的俄文馆藏档案、最新公布的共产国际档案以及其它相关材料,详细解析了共产国际、陈独秀在中国共产党创建过程中的作用.     

考古中华 解读中国社科院考古所成立六十年成果展

《考古中华》展是建国以来考古界的重要展览,集中呈现社科院考古所六十年来考古重大成果。本刊已刊发该展报道概况,我们又约请首都博物馆李梅女士,从展览的角度,对该展展品作深度解读,并借此回顾新中国考古发掘与研究走过的发展历程。     

论人口地理学应用研究的发展

本文从应用研究角度对人口地理学发展作一次理论和实践上的分析探讨。通过对人口地理学应用研究发展历程的回顾,对比中西方在发展上的差异,指出我国人口地理学是从实践应用开始走入发展的轨道,但同西方人口地理学相比,表现出应用研究方面的相对不足,而在由八十年代进入九十年代之际,应用研究作为当今学科发展的动力,促进人口地理学应用研究的发展出现定量化、社会化、中微观化的趋向,进一步显示学科的理论应用价值。意在加强我国人口地理学的发展,注重以应用为目的,密切结合当前生产实际问题的研究,扩展应用研究的范围、深化应用层次,不断改进应用研究的方法。     

桐城派与徽州朴学

姚鼐代表的桐城派与戴震代表的徽州朴学,常被视为水火不相容,章太炎称之为文士与经儒之争。但乾嘉时代同属安徽的两个学术重镇之间颇有渊源,两地学者相互影响,保持着密切的关系。方苞与江永有学术上的交往,两人学术志趣极为相近;刘大櫆则融入并深化了徽州青年才俊中盛行的"古文"学风。     

美国共运史研究中的正统派与修正派

美国共运研究中存在着许多不同的派别,其中最有影响的是正统派和修正派。正统派以延续传统史学的方法为特征,修正派受新社会史和文化史的影响,以异端性的方法来重新阐释美共历史为特征;正统派持一元论、精英史观的立场,修正派则坚持多元论、民众参与的立场;正统派坚持外来论,修正派赞同本土论;正统派重裁判,修正派重理解。个人经历、知识背景和时代背景的不同,是造成两派对立的三个主要因素。     

Eilert Sundt. A founding father of the social sciences in Norway

The cult of St Nicholas spread in Scandinavia and northern Rus' in approximately the same period, namely in the last decades of the 11th and the first decades of the 12th centuries. In spite of such a correspondence, the dissemination of the cult in the two adjacent regions has been treated as two separate phenomena. Consequently, the growing popularity of the cult in Scandinavia has traditionally been dealt with as an immanent part of the transmission of the Catholic tradition, and a similar phenomenon in northern Rus' has been discussed with reference to the establishment of Orthodox Christianity. By contrast, the evidence analysed in this article shows that the establishment of the cult of St Nicholas in the two regions was an intertwined process, in which the difference between Latin Christendom and Greek Orthodoxy played a minor role. The early spread of this particular cult thus suggests that, as far as some aspects of the cult of saints are concerned, the division between Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity in Northern Europe was less abrupt in the 11th and 12th centuries than has been traditionally assumed. This was due to the fact that the medieval cult of saints was not limited to the liturgy of saints, but was a wider social phenomenon in which political and dynastic links and cultural and trading contacts across Northern Europe often mattered more than confessional differences. When we leave the liturgy aside and turn to kings, princes, traders and other folk interacting across the early Christian North, then the confessional borders are less useful for our understanding of how some aspects of Christian culture were communicated across Northern Europe in the first two centuries after conversion.     

历史的真实性:试论数据库新方法在历史研究的应用

一、历史研究中的"客观性" 今日,历史学家正在面临可怕的精神分裂.一方面,历史学家的本能告诉他,勾划过去的图画必须和科学研究一样,严格客观地考订史料,去寻找真相并其进行解译,以求理解人类历史展开的模式.     

The burden of profession: Applied anthropology at the crossroads

Elizabeth M. Eddy and William L. Partridge, eds. Applied Anthropology in America. New York: Columbia University Press. 1978. 484 pp.

Walter Goldschmidt, ed. The Uses of Anthropology. Special Publication No. 11. Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association. 1979. 280 pp.     

“食货派”的经济史研究方法探讨

20世纪30年代的食货派,针对社会史论战陷入理论之争的弊病,对经济史研究方法展开了积极地探讨。主张从问题入手、广搜史料、寻绎结论,强调借用西方经济学理论和比照西方经济史以及倡导"综合研究法",形成了学派鲜明的治史风格。但其治史方法又存在着明显的不足与局限,尤其是未能全面正确认识马克思主义唯物史观的指导作用,而是有条件、有限度地运用唯物史观进行史学研究。食货派学术生命过早的终结,与其治史方法自身的缺陷不无关系。