现代城市规划理论产生的时代背景——倡导性规划与公众参与

在工业社会中,随着城市的经济实力增强,城市地位稳固,人口也随之暴增,工业快速发展,城市基础设施不足.在这样的极端城市环境下,形成了一系列相关的思想、政治和技术等方面的内容.基于此,本文依托现代城市规划理论,以倡导性规划为载体,研究其理论产生的时代背景及公众参与规划的由来,探讨它的社会效应、制度体系、思想浪潮以及产生的一...     

公众参与环境保护制度的现状考察和完善构想

环境公共管理领域往往出现市场失灵和政府失灵的情况,建立环境保护中的公众参与制度是克服这两种现象的有效途径。公共财产理论、公共信托理论的提出,尤其是环境权的提出,为公众参与制度的建立奠定了理论基础。我国的公众参与制度不管是立法上,还是具体制度的构建上都还完善、不具体。可以通过确立环境权,明确公众在环保领域的权利和义务;通过建立完善知情制度、听证会制度、公诉制度、积极培育环保组织等以完善我国公众参与制度。     

从一次道路规划听证会看城市规划不可诉及其意义

从深圳市举行的一次城市道路规划听证会,引发出对城市规划诉讼特性的思索。通过将城市规划的一些基本属性与法理结合起来分析,认为城市规划成果以及城市规划制定有着不可诉的特性。依照我国目前的国情,应提倡城市规划不可诉,这将有助于促进城市规划的立法创新和公众参与。     

环境影响评价公众参与制度的有效性研究

文章首先就我国现阶段公众参与环境评价机制进行全面阐释，然后分析了当前环境影响评价公众参与制度存在的普遍性问题，最后构建了提升公众参与有效性的对策建议。     

论城市旅游规划与城市规划的相互协调

本文通过分析城市旅游规划与城市规划的特点指出城市旅游规划的局限性与城市规划的权威性,城市旅游规划应依赖城市规划来弥补其局限性,但同时城市旅游规划对城市规划也具有一定的影响作用,城市规划应根据城市旅游发展的要求进行适应性调整。     

后现代主义下的城市广场人文化建设

后现代主义作为一种西方哲学和文化思潮,已渗透到城市设计、城市规划等诸多领域,引发了城市空间结构与功能的人文化变革。在此背景下,我国城市广场人文化建设的主要思路应是构建后现代公共行政制度,加强对广场建设的控制与引导;适应人体尺度和人口规模的需要,合理建设城市广场规模;注重功能多样化和布局系统化;突出广场个性与特色,坚持生态伦理与可持续发展并举的理念,建设体现浓厚人文关怀的城市广场环境。     

规划决策民主化:基于城市管治的透视

管治是探索政府、市场、公众等多元力量协调整合的理念与过程。在中国城市发展面临巨大转型的背景下引入、借鉴管治的思维,对促进城市规划健康发展与决策民主化都具有重要的意义。文章介绍了管治的背景、内涵,从管治的角度论述了中国特定发展环境中的城市规划民主决策问题,并辨证地评析了管治的作用。文章认为,中国正在转变的社会经济背景和城市管理的要求,使得管治进入中国有其必然性和必要性。随后文章分别从城市规划存在的整体性体制缺陷、政府的企业化导向、薄弱的公民社会等方面,分别阐述了在中国开展城市规划决策民主化所面临的严峻挑战。在发展转型期,中国城市规划决策的民主化只能是有限目标、有限进度的。文章的基本结论是:城市规划决策民主化是与整体社会经济发展阶段、体制相匹配的一个环节,它的建设与完善取决于整体的社会管治水平。     

关于城市给排水系统规划的思考

时代在发展,社会在进步,而城市在我国的发展速度越发的加快了进程,不论是城市的新建或者是城区的扩大,给排水系统的规划设计问题一直以来都是城市规划的重要的组成部分,给排水系统规划的合理与否直接影响到城市居民的生活环境和生活质量,因此从促进城市可持续发展的角度需要对城市给排水系统在规划方面加强重视,文章就城市给排水系统的规划进行相关的分析和总结,希望对城市规划和设计工作起到一定的帮助作用.     

城市收缩现象、过程与问题

城市并不总是增长。在人口峰值过去后人口收缩将是部分城市面临的一个不可避免的趋势。这将是我国和全球城市发展的新议题。根据国际上的最新进展,阐释了收缩城市的概念、起源和影响因素,描述了城市收缩的过程及表现,介绍了国外城市的应对措施;指出国内研究主要还集中于资源型城市的衰退方向;强调城市收缩作为客观的城市发展过程,具有不可避免性,也有别于城市衰退,需要更加客观科学地对待。初步介绍和探讨了国外城市在人口减少时采取的城市规划和管理方法,包括如何通过公众参与、产业转型生态环境保护、土地利用规划调整和交通住房改造等措施,来促进城市发展和提高居民生活质量,为我国的城市发展和转型提供有益启示。     

浅谈信息化时代的城市规划

在加快城市化的进程中,信息化建设与城市规划的良性互动日益明显,逐步成为中国城市发展的新主题与新动力。文章首先对信息化、信息技术和城市规划进行了分析,然后从提升城市规划的理论性和科学性、促使城市产业结构的规划改变、促使城市规划空间布局结构的改变等八个方面探讨信息化建设对城市规划的影响。文章认为,应把握城市规划与信息化发展彼此互补、高度融合的关键机遇,应用先进信息技术,加大城市规划的信息化建设力度,推动城市建设的科学性,营造宜居城市环境,在未来日趋激烈的城市规划建设竞争中赢得发展先机。     

The Practice of Participatory Planning at Mapoon Aboriginal Settlement: Towards Community Control,Ownership and Autonomy

The practice of participatory planning in discrete Indigenous settlements has been established since the early 1990s. In addition to technical and economic goals, participatory planning also seeks community development outcomes, including community control, ownership and autonomy. This paper presents an evaluation of one such planning project, conducted at Mapoon in 1995. The Plan successfully improved physical infrastructure and housing, but had mixed success in terms of community development. Despite various efforts to follow participatory processes, the Plan was essentially a passing event, community control progressively diminished after its completion, and outcomes fell short of notions of ownership and autonomy. This suggests some misunderstandings between the practice of participatory planning and the workings of governance.     

Byzantine Planning: Site Management in Istanbul

Abstract

A new site management plan for Istanbul’s Historic Peninsula was approved in late 2011. In this paper, we examine its institutional setting, preparation process, and contents from organizational and administrative perspectives. The result of a participatory process, the plan is professional, logically consistent, and effectively identifies challenges facing cultural heritage. The heart of the plan is a complex architecture of Objectives, Strategies, and Actions that are integrated into forty-nine Project Packages. Surprisingly, however, the plan specifies neither concrete activities nor financial resource­s. Moreover, cultural heritage is consistently downplayed: rather than substantive interventions at monuments or museums, attention is focused on managerial and urban planning buzzwords (coordination, capacity-building, participation, awareness-raising, marketing). This arose from the preparation process, which was participatory but nonetheless dominated by urban planners and government agencies. The case suggests the potential risks of the uncritical application of managerial and urban planning tools to cultural heritage.     

城乡空间互动-整合演进中的新型农村社区规划体系设计

本文以城乡空间互动-整合演进的理念为依托,横向思考城市与乡村在社会经济发展、居民理想生活诉求层面的异同,着力探讨新型农村社区规划原理及规划体系的核心内容,指出经济空间互动、生活空间延展、社会文化空间更新、城乡交通空间链接及田园生态景观空间表征是城乡空间互动-整合演进不同阶段新型农村社区规划的基本原理,故农业生产空间规划、农村社区居住空间规划、农村社区公共空间规划、农村社区交通空间规划、农田与绿地空间规划构成了新型农村社区规划体系。新型农村社区规划体系的确立必将对城乡空间的合理规划与管理提供有益的参考。     

Tracing resident antagonisms in urban development: agonistic pluralism and participatory planning

This article draws on research with resident action groups and other alliances in Sydney. It investigates the ways in which citizens work beyond the formal planning system to approach and achieve their urban development goals. The post‐political treatment of community voices in planning relies on the centrality of consensus politics in current participatory planning regimes. By providing a democratic outlet that is far removed from the actual development outcome, powerful urban actors can silence through inclusion. Planning theorists have posited that one pathway beyond this post‐political moment in urban planning is provided by Chantal Mouffe's critique of Habermasian communicative theory and consensus politics, which she bases on her theory of agonistic pluralism. Following Mouffe, to achieve a productive agonistic politics, any rigid antagonisms between “enemies” need to be moderated to more mutable “adversarial” positions. However, we have little knowledge of the conditions that might precipitate such a change in praxis. To address this gap between theory and praxis, we use focus group data to show how local resident action groups and urban alliances work through three modalities of antagonism to achieve their urban development goals. We add empirical weight to the idea that citizens can shift from rigid and fundamental antagonisms to the potentially more productive adversarial politics of agonistic pluralism but therein expose some limitations with how Mouffe's ideas are being applied to urban planning.     

Strategic Participatory Planning in Archaeological Management in Greece: The Philippi Management Plan for Nomination to UNESCO’s World Heritage List

Abstract

This paper examines appropriate conditions for effective strategic participatory planning in archaeological heritage management. It is suggested that heritage literature often considers the tangible outcome of strategic participatory planning, the management plan, as an end of the planning process in itself. Drawing from experience in drafting a management plan for the archaeological site of Philippi in Greece, conventional archaeological management in the country is discussed followed by the identi?cation of constraints on and bene?ts from strategic participatory planning. This paper argues that more critical approaches to the actual planning process are necessary for strategic participatory planning to continuously improve as an approach in Greece and elsewhere.     

Communicative and participatory paradigm in the European territorial policies. A discourse analysis

Communicative planning has been widely criticized for having little to do with the official legal procedures and for low-quality spatial solutions. It has also been blamed to be an empty concept, referring to an action that in itself has no content. This critique gives ground to the question: what is actually the role of the communicative and participatory paradigm in contemporary territorial policies? In this paper, we adopt discourse analysis methods to study the European documents on spatial planning in their three characteristic strands: smart city, integrated planning and multilevel governance. By extracting eight core principles (governance, sustainability, communication, participation, resilience, innovation, cooperation and coordination), we measure the importance of the communicative and participatory paradigm in the current planning discourse in Europe. We find that despite critique it remains one of the fundamental building-blocks of the European territorial policy. Communicative planning principles are visibly present in all the analysed strands of spatial planning in Europe.     

“This is an Indigenous city; why don't we see it?” Indigenous urbanism and spatial production in Winnipeg

This paper examines indigeneity and spatial production in the city of Winnipeg, home to the largest urban Indigenous population in Canada. Using data from semi‐structured interviews with Indigenous inhabitants, municipal officials, and Indigenous leaders, this paper argues that the right to the city and to difference are deradicalized for urban Indigenous communities. Indigenous engagement in processes of everyday urbanism occurs through broadly participatory public consultation and through mechanisms designed by City Hall to communicate with Indigenous communities about municipal initiatives. To arrive at a more robust and meaningful Indigenous urban visibility in Canadian cities, spatial production and programming mechanisms will need to be reconstituted. Guided by the perspectives of Indigenous participants, this paper considers some of what Indigenous urbanism might yet entail. Fulfilling coexistence and reconciliation is dependent on enabling Indigenous urbanism to guide the course taken in urban governance, spatial planning, and the built environment of Canadian cities.     

Smells like politics: planning and the inconvenient politics of intensive peri‐urban agriculture

Intensive farming is an increasing part of Australian agriculture, including in the multi‐functional landscapes at the edges of Australian cities. The example of intensive “broiler” poultry production reveals the tensions that arise when sites of hyper‐productivity conflict with social change in rural areas. Planning processes for intensive farming in the Australian state of Victoria are predicated on stability and consensus: on assumed static and uncontroversial ideas of agriculture, its place, and the primacy of agricultural productivity. Yet concerns about the industrialisation of agriculture are live political issues at the local level, especially in dynamic peri‐urban locations. This paper explores the emergence of a politics of place outside the bounds of planning consensus through an analysis of planning appeals and associated media relating to planning permits for intensive poultry developments in Victoria over 2011–2016. We highlight tensions that exist in relation to technical planning assessments and categorisations used to assert farming as the orthodox use of rural land, especially when new forms of farming look and feel demonstrably different. Using Mouffe's problematising of the negation of antagonism and Rancière's notion of the risks of a false consensus democracy, we argue that planning processes for intensive farming illustrate critical issues in participatory planning. While ostensibly post‐political decision‐making narrows the politics of place and food systems to decisions about policing the boundaries and buffer distances placed around intensive poultry developments, alternative representations of rural life persist. The certainty offered by code‐based planning does not negate the ongoing (if inconvenient) politics of intensive peri‐urban agriculture.     

规划理念转变与非城市建设用地规划的探索

本文在总结归纳国内相关研究与实践的基础上,对当前非城市建设用地规划的发展进行评价和思考。认为非城市建设用地规划的发展需要首先树立前瞻主动、务实客观的规划观。进而在快速城市化的背景下,探索化解或缓和中心城市发展与农村城市化两个方面用地扩张压力的途径,调节用地供需矛盾。最终在充分研究的基础上形成非城市建设用地管理的刚性内容,即强制性措施及与其相关的实施、监督以及绩效评价机制。最后论文结合在南京沧东地区的相关实践介绍了非城市建设用地规划理论研究的初步应用成果。