清代徽州族长的权力简论

族长是清代徽州宗族内部的最高领导者,对宗族内外事务拥有较大的控制权。这些权力主要包括宗族祭祀权、族内事务主持监督权、族内纠纷调处裁判权、对宗族经济生活的控制权、对族人的处罚惩治权、宗族对外交涉权等。由于族长拥权较重,徽州宗族在族内制度设计时对族长制订了一些防范、惩罚措施,这在一定程度上有利于遏制宗族自治中的不利因素,使徽州宗族社会秩序沿着相对较为健康有序的轨道惯性推进。     

Evisceration and excerebration in the Egyptian mummification tradition

The purpose of this study is to examine the correspondence of primary radiographic data in the IMPACT Radiological Mummy Database to the classical hypotheses tested in, and new hypotheses raised by, two previous synthetic studies of excerebration (Wade et al., 2011) and evisceration (Wade and Nelson, 2013) in Egyptian mummification. The evolution of excerebration and evisceration features are examined with respect to social and political factors influencing their variation over time, space, sex, and social status.     

The Geography of Population and the Geography of Services

In discussing a methodology for a geography of services, a new branch of Soviet geographic research, the authors propose geographically meaningful classifications of services, the use of value and labor-input indicators, the problem of a typology of service regions, and other aspects of research in this new discipline. The geography of services is found to be closely related to population geography because of the correlation between the distribution of services and the distribution of population.     

Memory,history and the classical tradition

‘Memory’ is often confused and mistaken for myth; this is in turn connected with the widespread use of mistaking collective mythology and common myth for the idea of a ‘collective memory’. This essay discusses memory and history terminology in the context of the generic concept ‘classical tradition’. The case study explored here – the nineteenth-century Walhalla ‘temple’ near Regensburg in Southern Germany – is an attempt to discuss the classical tradition, focusing on archaeology and architecture rather than philology), within the parameters of the memory and history debate in contemporary historiography. The essay aims to develop the position of the iconic and symbolic importance of antiquity and the classical tradition in the memory and history debate as well as in historical writing. The concluding remarks emphasise the necessity of historicising tradition and its genealogies, conceptualised here as a tradition of legacies.     

Nuclear deterrence and the tradition of non-use

The two books under review, The tradition of non-use of nuclear weapons , by T. V. Paul and Deterrence: from Cold War to long war. Lessons from six decades of RAND research , by Austin Long, highlight the continued interest in the theory and practice of nuclear deterrence. Long traces the RAND Corporation's research on the subject, exploring the role that nuclear deterrence has played as a strategy of the Cold War. The author goes on to argue for the relevance of nuclear deterrence to the future strategic environment, considering threats from peer-competitors to non-state actors. By contrast Paul considers the rise and persistence of a tradition, or informal social norm, of non-use which has encouraged self-deterrence. Employing a series of examples, Paul argues that this tradition best explains why, since 1945, nuclear states have not used nuclear weapons against non-nuclear opponents. Taken together, these books encourage further consideration of the relationship between nuclear deterrence and the tradition of non-use. Indeed, it is difficult to see how the two practices can successfully coexist if non-nuclear states have, as Paul suggests, already begun to exploit the existence of a tradition of non-use. Such deterrence failures, real or perceived, have profound implications for relationships between nuclear and non-nuclear states.     

Space-Time, 'Science' and the Relationship between Physical Geography and Human Geography

This paper explores the possibility that there may be commonalities between physical geography and human geography in emerging ways of conceptualizing space, time and space-time. It argues that one of the things holding physical and human geography apart for so long has been their relationship to physics as an assumed model of 'science'. It is proposed here that not only is this an inadequate model of science but that it has led us astray in our inherited conceptualizations of both time and space. The urge to think 'historically' is now evident in both physical and human geography. The paper argues that this both forms the basis for a possible conversation and also obliges us to rethink our notions of space/space-time.     

安徽人文传统的特质及成因初探

本文具体论列安徽在中华文化统一的共性下独有的人文特质,并进一步探讨形成这种特质的地理环境、人文背景、战争因素以及屯垦、侨郡等南北对峙时期制度建设等原因。