NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF JINGDEZHEN BLUE AND WHITE PORCELAINS

The energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence method is used for the non-destructive qualitative analysis of Jingdezhen blue and white porcelains, which include the imperial wares of the Yongle, Xuande, Chenghua, Jiajing and Wanli periods of the Ming dynasty, the imperial wares of the Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Guangxu periods of the Qing dynasty, and those of the Republic and the contemporary period. The distribution pattern of the X-ray fluorescence intensities of the six characteristic elements for porcelain manufactured at different times has been investigated.     

THE USE OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE ACTIVATION ANALYSIS AND PATTERN RECOGNITION IN THE STUDY OF FLINT ARTEFACTS

A method is described for the identification of the origin of flint artefacts. The method is based on the variation in the trace element concentrations for different origins. The trace element concentrations were determined by non-destructive neutron activation analysis. The identification was obtained from a pattern recognition analysis.     

东北亚地区矿产资源及其生产要素区位平衡的分析

作为亚太地区组成部分的东北亚地区,主要包括中国东北、俄罗斯远东地区、朝鲜、韩国、日本和蒙古。这六个国家(地区)相互毗邻,联系密切,而且交通方便,运输距离短。     

THE USE OF SPECIFIC HEAT IN THE NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF SILVER/COPPER ALLOY COINS

Using partly plastic apparatus, specific heats of coins have been found calorimetricly to an accuracy of ± 3% for most coins. For silver/copper alloys the specific heat varies approximately linearly with the weight percentage composition, so the latter can be calculated for coins of unknown composition.     

NON-DESTRUCTIVE RADIOISOTOPE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF OLD SILVER COINS

The paper presents the results of a feasibility study of the application of X-ray fluorescence analysis to nondestructive analysis of coins. Radioisotope sources ⁵⁵Fe, ²⁴¹Am, ¹⁰⁹Cd and ²³⁸Pu were used for excitation and a Si/Li detector with a multichannel analyser for the measurement of characteristic X-ray lines. Silver and copper in Polish renaissance coins have been analysed. Analysis using Ag K and Ag L lines allows one to distinguish between blanched and unblanched coins. The accuracy of the silver determination using Ag K X-rays is claimed to be ± 0.5% Ag for homogenous coins and ± 1.0% Ag for blanched but well-preserved uncorroded coins.     

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONAL DATA AND THE COMPARISON OF ANALYSES

Recent statistical work on approaches to analysing compositional data - where variables sum to a constant for each row of a data matrix - may encounter difficulties when applied to data of the kind typically arising in scientific archaeology. The reason is that results obtained may be unsatisfactory from a substantive viewpoint for identifiable technical reasons. This paper explores and illustrates some possible resolutions of the problem. A feature of the approach used is to analyse subsets of the variables on separate scales. A synthesis of the results obtained from separate analyses is essential and the use of multiple correspondence analysis for this purpose is illustrated.     

THE TINY PAINTINGS OF THE BUDDHIST WORLD——A RECORD OF LIU ENJUN AND HIS TSAKA PAINTINGS

<正>EDITOR'S COMMENTARY This special column consists of devoted fans of Tibetan culture. They have spent their life,their energy and their finances to eagerly collect and preserve unique Tibetan traditional culture while virtually also enjoying the spiritual and material happiness which those treasures bring to them.From now on,this journal is going to invite Chen Dan to contribute her detailed and delicate stories about collectors of Tibetan artifacts one by one,     

MINERALOGY OF BOHEMIAN GREEN EARTH PIGMENT AND ITS MICROANALYTICAL EVIDENCE IN HISTORICAL PAINTINGS

While the most famous historical green earth deposits in Italy and Cyprus were exceptionally rich in celadonite, the deposits near Kadaň, Czech Republic, consisted of thin Fe‐rich celadonite impregnations accompanied by interstratified celadonite/smectite. In superimposed tuffs, smectites become prevalent and their colour changes from forest to olive green. Powder X‐ray microdiffraction and infrared microspectroscopy permit us to distinguish between green earth minerals in microsamples taken from works of art. The Ti contents and the Fe/Mg ratios help to indicate the presence of Bohemian green earth from Kadaň. We found this material in local 18th‐century works of art and also in paintings by Anton Kern (1709–47).     

安徽省旅游经济发展及其对国民经济作用分析

利用1995年至2011年安徽省旅游业发展统计数据分析了安徽省旅游经济发展构成要素。根据贡献率和拉动率的大小分析了旅游总收入、国内旅游收入和国际外汇收入对安徽省GDP的作用,并通过宾馆床位及旅行社数量变化对旅游总收入的弹性分析了旅游要素的效应。研究表明:①安徽旅游收入总体呈跨越式增长,旅游收入波动性比较明显,旅游收入构成上硬性收入(食、住、行、游)比重高,软性收入(购、娱)比重低。②旅游人次呈现快速增加趋势,入境旅游人次波动性较国内旅游人次强,入境旅游人次占总接待人次比重不高,只占1%左右。③无论是贡献率还是拉动率,国内旅游收入对安徽省GDP的影响相较于旅游外汇收入都具有绝对的优势。④旅游总收入对宾馆床位及旅行社数量变化的敏感性大。     

DATA ON 61 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE MAJOR GLASS COMPOSITIONS IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES

Sets of 20 soda ash, 16 soda lime and 23 wood ash glasses mainly from excavations in Europe were analysed by microprobe and LA–ICP‐MS for 61 elements and are presented as average concentrations with standard deviations. Concentrations of sodium, potassium and magnesium allow the major glass type to be identified. Specific compositions of the raw materials of glass production indicate certain sources, technical processes and ages. Heavy minerals etc. of quartz sands contain rare earth elements (REE) from crustal fractionations that are different for the three major glass types. Accumulations of P, B, Ba, Mn and K in wood from soils by organic processes can characterize glass from certain regions.     

DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS OF 245 AUGUSTAN QUADRANTES

Previously 245 Augustan quadrantes were analysed for seven elements. Physical measurements comprised the weight, maximum thickness and diameter, minimum diameter, and die orientation for each coin. Both chemical and physical data were subjected to discriminant analysis, and centroids in multi-dimensional space were obtained for each of the four groups. A tetrahedron was drawn using the four centroids; each corner was separated from the other groups by a Mahalanobis distance. We hypothesize that the most probable relative chronology comprises the smallest sum of Mahalanobis distances connecting all four points. The most probable chronology for the quadrantes is c. 8, 9, 5, and 4 B.C.     

西藏夏鲁寺壁画中的“汉藏合璧”

Shalu Monastery is one of the most famous Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and is seated in Gyatso Shong Township of Shigatse Municipality in the Tibet Autonomous Region.The monastery is rich in murals that total over a thousand square meters in wall space,putting on display a fine example of Tibetan Buddhist mural art from the Yuan dynasty.     

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY USED IN NON-DESTRUCTIVE PROVENANCING OF ROMAN GRANITE COLUMNS

Magnetic susceptibility provides a rapid, cheap and non-destructive method of in situ characterization of archaeological artefacts containing magnetic minerals, and can be used as an aid to geological provenancing. Three hundred and sixty-three Roman granite columns were measured by this method and results show clear groupings and similarities with potential granite sources in Italy, Turkey and Egypt. Magnetic susceptibility measurements must be made on representative, unweathered surfaces of rocks and artefacts, and corrected for object size and surface relief according to manufacturers’recommendations. In addition, corrections for column curvature have been derived for use with measurements made on columns.