Sigmund Freud's contribution to the history of the neuronal cytoskeleton

In the summers of 1879 and 1881, while Freud was a research student in Ernst von Brücke's laboratory at the Institute of Physiology at the University of Vienna, he carried out an important though seldom remembered investigation on the internal structure of nerve fibers and cells. His contribution to this field is here examined in the context of the 19th-century debate regarding the existence of neurofibrils and of present views on the cytoskeleton. Freud was able to discern separate fine fibrils following straight courses within the nerve fibers, as well as concentric loops of striae surrounding the nuclei and converging towards the processes of the cell bodies in crayfish nervous tissue. He thus confirmed and extended observations made by Robert Remak almost 40 years earlier, which had remained controversial. Electron microscopy of the crustacean nervous system confirmed Freud's main points, which in turn vindicated those of Remak. Both researchers were looking at small bundles of microtubules, and thus they were among the first to picture the lacy intracellular framework that future cell biologists would call the cytoskeleton.     

Sigmund Freud's Contribution to the History of the Neuronal Cytoskeleton

In the summers of 1879 and 1881, while Freud was a research student in Ernst von Brücke's laboratory at the Institute of Physiology at the University of Vienna, he carried out an important though seldom remembered investigation on the internal structure of nerve fibers and cells. His contribution to this field is here examined in the context of the 19th-century debate regarding the existence of neurofibrils and of present views on the cytoskeleton. Freud was able to discern separate fine fibrils following straight courses within the nerve fibers, as well as concentric loops of striae surrounding the nuclei and converging towards the processes of the cell bodies in crayfish nervous tissue. He thus confirmed and extended observations made by Robert Remak almost 40 years earlier, which had remained controversial. Electron microscopy of the crustacean nervous system confirmed Freud's main points, which in turn vindicated those of Remak. Both researchers were looking at small bundles of microtubules, and thus they were among the first to picture the lacy intracellular framework that future cell biologists would call the cytoskeleton.     

George Horton: the literary diplomat

Abstract

George Horton was a man of letters and United States Consul in Greece and Turkey at a time of social and political change. He writes of the re-taking of Smyrna by the Turkish army in September 1922. His account, however, goes beyond the blame and events to a demonization of Muslims, in general, and of Turks, in particular. In several of his novels, written more than two decades before the events of September 1922, he had already identified the Turk as the stock-in-trade villain of Western civilization. In his account of Smyrna, he writes not as historian, but as publicist.     

专刊导言

本期专刊围绕着文学文献问题刊发十四篇文章,研究对象从北宋西湖莲社到现代鲁迅、陈寅恪的著作,时间跨度很大。从选题类型看,这十四篇文章大致可以分为三类。其一是对新见文献的考辨。近年从韩国流归国内的《杭州西湖昭庆寺结莲社集》是宋刻孤本,根据这个本子,陈斐对西湖莲社的社集编纂情况做了稽考。中国国家图书馆藏元刻孤本《秋堂邵先生文集》,由于作者不详,所收二百馀首诗亦为《全元诗》失收。罗鹭考出该书作者是元人王旭的友人,名不详,字伯诚,号秋堂,山西泽州人,解决了长期悬而未决的问题。黄成蔚《彭宗孟〈侍御公诗集〉考论》,从版本信息、交游唱和入手,通过明末彭宗孟《侍御公诗集》考察了晚明党争的复杂情况。澹归是一位诗僧,在明末清初江浙及岭南文坛有一定影响。其著述丰富,可惜在乾隆年间遭遇禁毁。     

1912－1924年留日士官生与中国军事现代化成败

清末民初,积弱不振的中国在内忧外患的冲击下,接连向日本派遣了大批留学生,专习陆军,这些留日士官生学成归国后,被充实到各个军事部门。他们无论在主持军事教育,还是在充任现役军官方面,均做出了不同程度的贡献。但囿于时代的限制,他们纷纷卷入了军阀混战的旋涡,从而在中国军事现代化进程中留下了败笔。     

留日士官生与晚清军事现代化

晚清以降,积弱不振的清王朝在内忧外患的冲击下,被动地迈开了富国强兵的步子,接连向日本派遣了大批留学生,专习陆军,这些留日士官生在学成归国后,被充实到各个军事部门。他们无论在主持军事教育,还是在充任现役军官方面,均做出了不同程度的贡献,极大地推动了中国军事现代化进程。     

The Savage Science: Sigmund Freud,Psychoanalysis, and the History of Religion

This article analyzes how Freud takes issue with the prioritization of the present over and above the historical past. Significantly, Freud's understanding of history is closely related to his interest in Christianity's historical dependence on Jewish antiquity. He emphasizes the common sources of both religions: both are shaped by the experience of guilt. Christianity, however, relegates the historical past to the realm of the “old Adam.” According to Freud, Jewish culture, by contrast, revolves around the commemoration of a “savage” (i.e. pre‐modern) past. This article thus focuses on how Freud combines his analysis of onto‐genesis (in his psychoanalytical case studies) with a discussion of phylogeny. The manifestation of psychic illness gives body to the unconscious remembrance of phylogenetic history. Thanks to religious and literary documents an irrational past has been put down in writing. According to Freud, this characterizes their historical truth value.     

罗振玉友朋书札

这里刊布的是旅顺博物馆收藏的清朝遗老致罗振玉的书札,计十通.原件合裱为一册,封皮有罗继祖题署"同心之言",并列来函者姓字与官衔:柯蓼园学士、宝沈盦侍郎、刘潜楼监督、赵声伯太守、冯蒿盦中丞、王病山方伯.但此册中,只含柯、宝、刘、赵书札,不见冯、王书札,可能在流传过程中遗失.