论岭南龙母信仰的地域扩展

龙母信仰是岭南地方特色的水神崇拜,早在先秦时龙母已产生于西江岸旁的悦城,汉晋南朝民间崇拜持续,唐宋以后,在封建统治者的封敕和信徒的拥戴下,龙母信仰地域不断扩展,形成了以西江为中心,且随移民、官商等的迁移和交流,跳越式在江西、四川出现零星分布的特征。这一信仰不但形成了与岭南其他水神不同的地域特色,且保留有岭南祖先崇拜的印痕。而龙母信仰的地域扩展,与岭南俗信鬼神,朝廷推崇,民间信仰的地方性与官方正统性相结合,也与流动官员、士商和移民等集团的推动等密切相关。     

明清时期碧霞元君信仰的地域扩展

碧霞元君由汉唐泰山玉女这一文学意象发展而来,宋元时期在道教的逐步吸纳和国家认同的共同推动下,其完成了从民间俗神到道教神仙的转变。明清时期碧霞元君不仅多次得到帝王致祭、赐额,成为国家“准正祀性”神灵,其信仰也从泰山一隅扩展到全国大部分地区,庙宇亦由山东等地向全国近20个省区扩展,形成了不同的核心、扩展、边缘区。碧霞元君信仰地域的扩展,与“岳镇海渎”之祭及朝廷推崇;其神职及信奉民众均多;流动官员、士商、移民的传播及道教的推动等诸多因素有关。     

Anglican High Churchmen and the Expansion of Empire*

Postcolonial history has taken a great deal of interest in the missionary endeavours of the church throughout the Empire, especially the work of Protestant/evangelical mission societies. Apart from attention to organisations like the Universities Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) and to some extent the work of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG), the work of Anglican High Churchmen has sometimes been overlooked. 1 In fact, High Churchmen were very concerned about the role of the Church of England in the expanding empire during the mid‐nineteenth century. They were keen to bring the extension of the church under institutional control and to co‐operate with the imperial parliament as closely as possible. The activity of the SPG and the foundation of the Colonial Bishoprics Fund (CBF), which provided clergy, schoolmasters, catechists, and bishops as agents of Anglicanism and Englishness, can be seen as part of this strategy.     

Bayesian Regression and the Expansion Method

This paper shows that within a Bayesian frame of reference the propensity to regard a model as invariant can be formalized into a prior probability density function of the parameters of an expanded formulation in which this model is encapsulated. The Bayesian approach allows to bring to the surface the implications of alternative levels of commitment to invariance assumptions on the results of empirical analyses, and can quantify the comparative strength of alternative drift specifications. The “expanded” Bayesian regressions are demonstrated by an example focusing upon the effectiveness of family planning.     

Future Developments in Geographical Agent‐Based Models: Challenges and Opportunities

Despite reaching a point of acceptance as a research tool across the geographical and social sciences, there remain significant methodological challenges for agent‐based models. These include recognizing and simulating emergent phenomena, agent representation, construction of behavioral rules, and calibration and validation. While advances in individual‐level data and computing power have opened up new research avenues, they have also brought with them a new set of challenges. This article reviews some of the challenges that the field has faced, the opportunities available to advance the state‐of‐the‐art, and the outlook for the field over the next decade. We argue that although agent‐based models continue to have enormous promise as a means of developing dynamic spatial simulations, the field needs to fully embrace the potential offered by approaches from machine learning to allow us to fully broaden and deepen our understanding of geographical systems.     

Methods of Mapping and Identifying Small Clusters of Rare Diseases with Applications to Geographical Epidemiology

Geographical variation operates at a variety of scales. Methods of mapping variation in disease incidence between different countries or even counties are relatively well developed. When, however, the question relates to much smaller aggregations (that is, “clustering”), attention has mainly been restricted to areas near putative point hazards; the majority of cases are excluded from such an investigation. In this study we show how clustering may be investigated and displayed in such a way that it becomes a powerful tool in epidemiological research. As examples we use incidence data from the Yorkshire health region for selected childhood cancers and adult haematopoietic malignancies. The methods would readily extend to any small clusters of rare events.     

Contingency,Realism, and the Expansion Method

This paper examines the relationship between scientific realism and the expansion method. The frame of reference for our investigation is their joint conceptualization of “contingency.” We first explore the varied historical meanings of contingency; this is followed by a survey of its differential deployment within geographic thought. Attention then turns to theorizations of contingency in realism and the expansion method. The final portion of the paper assesses the potential for integrating these two analytic traditions within geographic research.     

Evolutionary Foraging Models in Zooarchaeological Analysis: Recent Applications and Future Challenges

The last few decades have witnessed a rapid rise in the use of foraging models derived from behavioral ecology to explain and predict temporal and spatial differences in faunal assemblages. Although these models build on conventional ideas about utility firmly embedded in zooarchaeological analyses, when cast in an evolutionary framework these ideas produce some of the most sophisticated and elegant interpretations of archaeofaunas to date. In this article I review the methodological and practical strengths and weaknesses of current zooarchaeological applications of foraging models. Recent applications of foraging models to the zooarchaeological record reveal important variability in human-prey interactions across time and space. Case-specific applications generate theoretical and methodological advances that augment and are complementary to model building in allied fields. Recent applications also identify shortcomings in the underlying assumptions and rationale of some foraging models that mirror past and on-going discussions in anthropology and biology. I discuss how these shortcomings can fruitfully direct future applications and research in foraging economics.     

Recontextualising Positionality: Geographical Research and Academic Fields of Power

The first article of the first issue of Antipode began with a declaration concerning the values ascribed to publication and the nature of academic work in geography. With that thirty-year-old declaration in mind, this essay reflects on aspects of these values as registered in British academic geography. It does so with particular reference to themes that have been raised in a number of recent debates, namely the questions of commodification/marketisation of and reflexivity in geographical research and scholarship.     

嵎夷、旸谷地望考

《尚书》问世后,学者多认为其中所记嵎夷和旸谷在辽东半岛和朝鲜半岛。本文通过对《史记》等史料的分析,判断《尚书》记载的嵎夷活跃在山东半岛,旸谷就是春秋时期齐国祭祀的日主之地,在今山东半岛东端的成山头。嵎夷是后来因战乱越海迁居到了朝鲜半岛,才变成了海外之族。