凌家滩红烧土遗迹建筑基础初探

本文测试分析了取自凌家滩红烧土遗迹的"红烧土块"的物相组成、烧成温度、化学成分、发现"红烧土块"应由两部分组成,其外侧为一层拌有红烧土颗粒的粘和土样,应属人为制作的一种起粘合和承重作用的建筑材料,而内层则为人为烧制的红陶块,系粘土原料在950℃以上烧制而成,从而支持了考古学家关于存在大型建筑基础的推测,同时也表明在5500年前的新石器晚期,我国就出现了人工烧制陶质建材和调制粘和建筑材料的建筑文明。     

实验考古:夹砂红陶烧成温度下限的探索

陶器是考古学中一个极为重要的概念,然而目前学术界对陶器的定义,尤其是其烧成温度的界定,仍未达成共识。研究采用实验考古方法和科技手段,模拟制备了不同焙烧温度的陶坯,通过检测将其物理性能与实用性能结合,以期找到一条探索夹砂红陶烧成温度下限的新路径。根据实验,本批样本在500℃的时候,物理性能和实用性能发生了明显的转变,已经成为一件合格的陶器。而对于经焙烧而未烧成尚不能实用的的陶坯,则可以定义为"超低温陶器"。     

汉砖砚

汉砖,是万里长城楚国城墙砖。据汉砖铭文记载,出于汉昭帝刘弗陵在位时期（公元前86年至公元前74年）,至今二千多年历史。因汉砖被改作砚,故名汉砖砚。汉砖长0,345米、宽0．168米、厚0．046米,贡4．75公斤,粘土烧制而成。正面下方有一墨堂,长0.195米、宽0．13米、深0.004米。砖的六面,布满文字花纹：左侧面是砖胚文,秦小篆立体字：“大吉大多所宜工”。右侧面阴刻清代两江总督曾国藩的四言题词：“铁锈防穿、玉琢阶碎,推兹汉砖,出于昭代,畅流答华,千七百载,作为砚田,文章小块。曾国藩诗并铭”。正面墨堂上方阴刻有贵州提督冯…     

基于磁化率测量平遥古城古砖的烧制温度

古砖的烧制温度决定了其物理力学性质。本研究提出基于磁化率来确定古砖烧制温度的方法。通过对古砖重新加温,测量不同温度下古砖的磁化率,得到磁化率差值的平方-温度曲线图。图中第一个较大的偏差对应的横坐标即为古砖的烧制温度。利用上述方法测得实际烧制温度为700℃、800℃和900℃的黏土砖的烧制温度分别为690℃、810℃和870℃。二者误差较小,认为利用该方法确定砖的烧制温度可行。本研究利用该方法确定了平遥古城10块古砖的烧制温度,发现其烧制温度在650～690℃和850～870℃两个区间范围内。据此推测平遥古城古砖是以秸秆和木柴为燃料烧制而成。本研究实验结果可为古建筑修复和保护提供理论参考。     

顶杆热膨胀法测定古陶瓷烧成温度的应用研究

目前,顶杆热膨胀法在测定古陶瓷烧成温度中应用最为广泛。本研究首先对该方法研究现状进行了详细梳理,再通过中国古代陶器、白瓷、黑瓷的具体应用实例,详细分析了它们的热膨胀曲线特征,并结合对高铁胎的模拟实验研究,提出应从800℃以下的早期低温陶器样品、800℃以上且具有明显收缩转折点样品和高温没有收缩只有膨胀转折点样品这3种类型来进行具体分析。利用切线计算烧成温度只有在800℃以上且具有收缩转折点情形下正确率较高,而高温阶段的膨胀转折点温度只能作为参考;同时,也要利用较完整的烧结步骤曲线从化学组成等方面研究其原料特性,并结合吸水率等物理性能指标来进行验证。这些结果为该方法的进一步应用提供了参考依据。     

烧制温度对红砖物理力学性质的影响

在多年自然营力作用下,有些古建筑的砖体正遭受着严重的风化破坏,亟需修复和加固。为此,通过试验,研究烧制温度对红砖物理力学性质的影响,以期为古建筑修复和保护提供理论参考。利用模具手工制作边长为5 cm的立方体黏土砖。利用高温炉分别在700、800、900、1 000和1 100℃的温度下烧制成红砖。然后,测试不同烧制温度下红砖的块体密度、颗粒密度、开孔孔隙率、总孔隙率、常压吸水率、饱和吸水率、毛细吸水系数、纵波波速、孔径分布、单轴抗压强度。结果表明,烧制温度会影响物理力学性质,但物理力学性质并非随着烧制温度的增加而改善。烧制温度为1 100℃时砖的性能最优,烧制温度为800℃和900℃时砖的性能中等,烧制温度为700℃和1 000℃时砖的性能差。本文分析了烧制温度为1 000℃时红砖的物理力学性质差的原因。研究结果可为古建筑修复和保护提供理论参考。     

中原印纹陶及其有关问题

印纹陶是我国古代物质文化的重要组成部分。它的基本特征有三点:一是陶质同一般陶器有所不同。一般陶器的胎质是用粘土烧成的,印纹陶的胎质是掺有高岭土成份的陶土烧成的。二是火候比较高。一般陶质烧成的温度约700℃—800℃,印纹陶烧成的温度有的高达1100℃左右,因此胎质比较坚硬.吸水性比一般陶器弱,接近于原始瓷器。三是陶器表面拍印有各种几何纹饰。比较常见的有方格纹、曲折纹、编织纹、叶脉纹、云雷纹、回纹、旋涡纹等二、三十种。根据以     

有关瓷器烧成温度的几点思考

众所周知,陶器是世界共有的,瓷器是中国人民创造的。早在3000多年前的商代,我国已经生产出原始瓷。之后,经过一千多年的改进和提高,至东汉有了质量很好的瓷器(图1)。当时浙江上虞小仙坛生产的青瓷,釉的质量较好,胎质致密,叩之会发出铿锵的金属声。经仪器测定,烧成温度达1310±20℃,显气孔率和吸水率分别为0.62%和0.28%①。当然,上述小仙坛青瓷那么高的烧成温度,不排除有其偶然性。因为我国当时众多的著名窑场,诸如东汉至隋唐时期的越窑、婺州窑、瓯窑、岳州窑、洪州窑、寿州窑等“,一般青瓷烧成温度在1230±20℃-1300℃,吸水率在0.5%-1%之间…     

古陶瓷釉质鉴定（一）

中华民族先民在制作陶器的过程中发现,烧制陶器时的温度越高,其制成品就越坚实,越耐用,于是就想尽办法提高烧成温度。到了商代,在我国南方已经出现了小型龙窑和带有烟囱的室形窑。窑炉的改进,首先实现了我国陶器烧成温度从1000℃以下,提高到1200℃左右的技术革命。又通过无数次失败后发现,不是所有的制陶粘土都能耐高温,     

萧梁钱范烧成温度的测试分析

为了测试出土萧梁钱范的烧成温度,并探讨钱范浇铸的成功与否和其烧成温度的关系,利用热膨胀分析法测试了系列萧梁钱范样品的烧成温度。对南京、镇江两地三处萧梁铸钱遗址出土钱范的测试结果表明,各遗址样品的烧成温度相差较大,在此基础上讨论了未浇铸钱范废弃的原因;对现代模拟制作的、浇铸情况已知的钱范样品的测试结果表明,对于相同原料的钱范,是否能浇铸成功,和它的烧成温度呈现出良好的对应关系。根据对系列样品烧成温度的实测数据,以及模拟浇铸实验中数次失败直到成功的教训和经验,推断出钱范的烧成温度是决定其浇铸成功与否的关键因素之一。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.