咸阳龚西战国秦墓出土铜壶制作工艺研究

咸阳龚西战国秦墓出土的青铜器为研究战国时期秦青铜容器的铸造技术提供了重要实物资料。本文对龚西战国晚期秦墓M8出土的两件铜壶,通过表面观察结合X光摄像考察其制作工艺痕迹,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜能谱分析等手段开展成分及显微结构分析,揭示两件铜壶壶身及表面装饰的制作工艺、材质特征。结果显示,两件铜壶均为铸造,器底和铜环预先铸好后置于范中,与器身铸为一体。器身和器底均为铅锡青铜(铜锡铅三元合金),但成分有一定差异,镶嵌的装饰金属片为高铅青铜。铜壶的器底分铸工艺和高铅青铜镶嵌工艺为古代青铜器制作工艺研究提供了重要的新材料。     

广西上林县馆藏东汉至南朝铜鼓科技分析研究

为配合保护修复的需要,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜能谱仪对广西上林县馆藏6面东汉至南朝时期的冷水冲型铜鼓进行了科技分析。结果表明,这6面铜鼓均为铜锡铅三元合金组成,且为铸造成型,其工艺利用泥范法和失蜡法相结合的方法。由于冷水冲型铜鼓的合金成分和铸造工艺研究尚未见报道,因此,本研究分析数据为更深入研究冷水冲型铜鼓的科技内涵提供了重要参考。     

商周青铜器铭文的制作工艺和西周颂鼎复制

考古出土实物研究表明,商周青铜器铭文制作,通常是先雕刻正阴字铭文模,然后翻制反阳字铭文活块泥芯,镶嵌于主体泥芯合适位置组成复合泥芯,最后在浇铸青铜器时一并铸成于器物内壁上。复制具有151字铭文的西周晚期青铜颂鼎,整体采用失蜡铸造工艺,铭文制作借鉴商周青铜器陶范铸造的相关工艺,多次翻制制作一块铭文蜡片,嵌入模具型腔后翻制整体硅橡胶泥芯,获得了理想的效果。     

圈足上的镂孔:试论商代青铜器的泥芯撑技术

商代青铜器的圈足部位常常可见一些孔洞,这些孔洞的形成与泥芯撑的设置有关。泥芯撑是使用复合范铸造青铜器时非常重要的技术手段,用于范和芯之间的定位和保持壁厚,避免盲芯成为"悬芯"。这一技术看似简单,却有其重要的工艺价值,其本身的技术演进路径与青铜器铸型技术的发展密切相关。本文试图梳理从二里头到晚商时期各类青铜器使用泥芯撑技术的概况,丰富对商代青铜器铸造工艺的整体认识。     

枣庄市徐楼村红铜铸镶青铜器纹饰镶铸特征

红铜铸镶青铜器是春秋时期青铜艺术的杰出代表,红铜纹饰的镶铸特征是器物铸造工艺的直接反映,但红铜镶嵌青铜器的制作技术仍有许多问题有待于研究探讨。为此,通过直接观察法和X光成像技术,分析探讨了枣庄市徐楼村红铜铸镶青铜器纹饰镶铸特征。红铜纹饰有与器身基体等壁厚型和非等壁厚型两种。与器身等壁厚红铜铸镶纹饰和器身基体有平口直接镶铸和红铜预留凹槽镶铸两种方式。与器身非等厚红铜铸镶纹饰则利用红铜纹饰在器身浇铸时形成凹槽,红铜纹饰通过与纹饰相连的红铜支钉固定在范芯或在纹饰底部加入垫片方式镶铸于器物基体中。研究成果为红铜铸镶青铜器的工艺过程研究提供材料和证据。     

利用同墓葬出土泥芯、陶器示踪青同器铸造地初探 一以湖北襄樊部分东周墓为例

为研究出土墓葬青铜器铸造地,利用X射线荧光光谱法对湖北襄樊的余岗、沈岗、团山、陈坡四处墓地出土的部分青铜器泥芯、陶片进行测试分析,试验结果与山西侯马、武汉盘龙城遗址进行比较分析。对比研究显示,襄樊地区泥芯与当地墓土、陶片在常量元素上具有高度一致性,而与黄河流域的侯马和长江中下游的盘龙城有明显区别,说明襄樊地区这部分铜器应为本地铸造,暗示江汉流域存在自己特有文化。本项研究工作首次尝试利用同墓葬陶器化学成分探索青铜器铸造地,是泥芯研究青铜器铸造地的重要补充,泥芯和陶器相互配合,为青铜器铸造地研究提供了一种新思路。     

世界铜鼓之王——北流型101号铜鼓铸造工艺研究

体大壁薄的世界铜鼓之三──北流型101号铜鼓是世界上迄今所见最大的一面铜鼓,具有相当大的铸造难度。本文对北流型101号铜鼓的内外陶范及鼓耳的制作方法、内范结构、在外范上直接制作纹饰的方式、浇注工艺和垫片的使用等古代铸造工艺进行了研究。还探讨了该铜鼓的结构特征及鼓足残缺的成因。     

昆明呈贡天子庙和呈贡石碑村出土铜铁器的科学分析

为了解中国古滇地区铜铁农具、兵器和工具的制作工艺,采用金相显微镜组织观察和扫描电子显微镜分析的方法,对昆明呈贡天子庙和呈贡石碑村出土的战国至西汉时代11件铜器和2件铁器样品进行分析。分析结果表明,铜器的材质有红铜和铜锡合金两种,相同的器物有较稳定的化学成分。铜器中农具、兵器和工具为铸造制作而成。2件铜柄铁刃剑的材质为亚共析钢,作为兵器,具有优良的性能。本研究成果对进一步研究古滇地区铜铁器具的工艺技术有一定的价值。     

青海地区青铜器的成份分析及来源

本文通过对青海地区青铜器的成份分析及其铸造方法的分析,对该地区发现的青铜器来源问题进行了探讨。     

桂平博物馆馆藏东汉双耳铜甑铸造工艺及其保护修复研究

广西桂平博物馆藏东汉铜甑对于研究广西地区青铜器冶铸技术的发展具有重要的研究价值。但器物长期保存于潮湿环境中,矿化严重、保存状况较差,亟须保护修复。本研究应用X射线影像观察、金相显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析、模拟实验验证等方法研究了器物的铸造工艺、合金成分以及锈蚀产物成分。结果表明该器物为整体铸造成形,器物铸造时使用了轮制技术、刮板造型工艺以及铸后刻纹的工艺,箅部范块制作过程是用器身模翻制器身范后脱模,将器身模的圈足部分切下,然后在圈足泥模上刻出箅部型腔。在此基础上,遵循最低限度干预原则,力求将传统的文物修复手段与现代修复理念相结合,通过除锈、修补等保护修复措施后,不但提高了器物的整体稳定性,而且达到了可以展陈,发掘文物潜在价值的要求。     

Identifying a Roman Casting Pit at Tel Dor,Israel: Integrating Field and Laboratory Research

Abstract

The functional identification of industrial features is difficult when few characteristic artifacts are preserved. We studied a Roman-period pyrotechnological feature at Tel Dor, Israel, where the only possibly diagnostic ceramic artifacts were found in fill between the walls and above the floor, rendering their association with the feature itself uncertain. The ceramic artifacts included coarse slabs and fragments of utilitarian vessels, some vitrified with adhering bronze droplets or slag-like residues. Analysis of the sediments within and around the industrial feature, using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer on-site, revealed high concentrations of copper and lead, indicating metallurgical activity. Lead isotope analyses showed that the slag-like residue adhering to a ceramic fragment had the same isotopic values as the sediments, implying that the fragment was associated with the activities carried out in the feature. Microscopic and chemical analyses of the slag-like residue demonstrated that it was produced from melting leaded bronze. Some of the ceramic fragments contained elongated impressions on their inner surfaces, similar to those of casting molds found at other sites. We propose that the feature was used as a casting pit for bronze objects.     

湖北荆门左塚楚墓群出土金属器研究

利用XRF、金相显微分析等手段对湖北省荆门市境内左冢楚墓群出土的金属器,特别是青铜器进行了测试分析,XRF分析表明该楚墓群出土的青铜器多为铜、锡、铅三元合金,且容器的锡含量低于兵器和工具,而铅含量则相反。金相分析显示左冢楚墓群出土青铜器多为铸造组织,其中3件铸后经过不同程度的加热;而热锻成形的器物有4件,其中有一件在锻后进行了冷加工。结果显示,此批青铜器合金成分比较科学、制作工艺比较先进。     

汉代平板陶范竖式浇铸法铸钱工艺的研究

平板范竖式浇铸工艺是我国早期铸钱的基本形式,根据材质的不同,可将平板范分为石范、陶范和金属范.由于与平板陶范竖式浇铸法铸钱相关遗物出土数量少,该方法不是汉代铸钱工艺中的主要方法,故目前还未对其开展系统的研究.本工作对平板陶范竖式浇铸法铸钱相关遗物进行了归类分析.表明该工艺不仅在西汉早期一直在使用着,到东汉时期,仍然被用于铸钱.通过模拟实验对汉代的平板陶范竖式浇铸法铸钱工艺进行了研究,其工艺过程为:铸造金属制范模,在模上翻制陶范,陶范经阴干焙烧后铸造钱币.金属制范模的制作,提高了陶范制作的效率,同时也保证了钱币在型腔尺寸和文字上的一致性.     

广富林遗址出土周代青铜器合金成分与金相分析

为了了解上海松江广富林遗址出土周代铜器合金配比和加工工艺特点,对18件该地区出土周代铜器进行检测分析。使用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)和金相显微镜分析青铜样品的成分组成及金相显微组织并发现:样品中铅锡青铜器占绝大多数,器物含铅量普遍较高,且大多含少量砷;器物基本都是铸造成形,仅有少量实用工具、农具刃口进行过热锻等加工处理,以提高使用性能。结果反映了当时工匠对铸造合金配比和加工工艺的认知和技术水平,也体现了吴越地区独特的青铜技术体系与文化,能够为南方史前及先秦文化的发展脉络提供更多可供探讨的资料。     

Scientific examination of Shang-dynasty bronzes from Hanzhong,Shaanxi Province,China

Shang-dynasty bronzes recovered in the Hanzhong region, Shaanxi province have been receiving considerable research interest since the 1950s due to their strong regional characteristics. This paper presents preliminary analytical results of 16 samples taken from 13 Hanzhong bronze objects, which, for the first time, have revealed their diversity in chemical composition and casting quality. In particular, the finding that some correspondence probably exists between the types of artefact and their materials has significant implications for identifying regional technical characteristics of the Hanzhong bronzes, as well as for exploring the interaction between the metropolitan areas of the Shang Kingdom with the areas beyond its southwestern frontiers.     

萧梁钱范的残留物初步研究

为弄清镇江出土的萧梁钱范是铸造铜钱还是铁钱,或是两者兼铸。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及其配备的X射线能谱仪(EDS),分析了出土的萧梁公式女钱范的残留物。钱范ZJ1的正、反面和胎的点扫描和面扫描分析结果表明,其应为铸造铜钱之范。而钱范ZJ2剖面的线扫描分析指出,其铜含量从正、反表面向胎的内部呈现明显的梯度分布,从而进一步验证了这些钱范铸造的是铜钱,而不是铁钱。     

Casting the Riace Bronzes: Modern Assumptions and Ancient Facts

This article argues that classical archaeologists have seriously underestimated the output of heat required to melt a large quantity of bronze and therefore have wrongly reconstructed the ancient casting process. The idea that sufficient metal for casting a bronze of monumental proportions could be heated in a crucible with a charcoal fire ventilated by bellows is not realistic. The following observations are based on solid foundry experience: Nigel Konstam, a bronze sculptor, for many years supervised the casting of monumental bronzes comparable in size to those from Riace. This article has been written by Herbert Hoffmann drawing on Konstam's notes     

Microscopic study of Chinese bronze casting moulds from the Eastern Zhou period

Piece mould casting technology, as a hall mark of the central plains of China during the Bronze Age, has attracted scholars' interest globally. Bronze ritual vessels found in this area were produced in large quantities and generally cast with the moulds composed of three or more sections. This enormous industry certainly required workers to have had professional knowledge to ensure the success of every single cast. Mould making technology was one of its most important parts. This research looks into the microstructure of bronze casting moulds of the Eastern Zhou period, which was a rarely studied topic in previous research. Through comparison with local pottery, it is shown that casting moulds in this period were produced with quite specialized sand-rich material, and clay was only a minor component. It is then discussed how this unique material can be beneficial to the bronze casting process and how this technology was integrated as a crucial part of the Chinese bronze casting system. These analyses might be able to portray mould makers in the ancient bronze foundries as a group of specialized people with their own traditions and professional knowledge.     

甘肃武威出土铜奔马铸造工艺初探

甘肃武威出土的东汉铜奔马和铜车马仪仗队是我国古代青铜艺术品中罕见的杰作,是中国众多文物中的代表和古老中华文明的一种象征。甘肃省博物馆通过现代科学仪器检测及综合分析发现:铜奔马和铜车马仪仗队都是陶范铸造法铸造而成,而不是失蜡法铸造的;铜奔马铸造时在铜质马腿内夹铸了卯榫状铁芯骨,以增强马腿的强度和支撑力;铜车马仪仗队中甲型马和刻有铭文的乙型马,是铸造工艺不同的两批制品。这些发现对进一步研究铜奔马及墓主人提供了新的材料。