蒋介石与黄埔建军

黄埔军校的建立,催生了一支区别于中国传统军队的新型军队,在中国近代历史上具有重大意义。作为黄埔军校校长,蒋介石对军校有着十分重要的影响,从政治、组织、思想等方面,为军校构架了一个基本的轮廓。     

辛亥风云中的留日士官生

清末留日士官生是近代社会的一个特殊群体,辛亥革命发生之际他们发挥了军事骨干的作用,从他们革命意识的形成过程、成为革命勇士的客观条件、走上革命道路的政治保证和及参加革命的具体经过进行考察较能反映这一命题。     

论军队在率亥革命中的作用及影响

辛亥革命在中国近代史上具有光彩夺目的一页,军队在其中所扮演的精彩角色,是清代以来所未曾有的。对于军队在辛亥革命中的地位和作用问题,长期以来史学界并没有充分的认识,评价也明显过低。本文认为,军队在辛亥革命中发挥了主力军的作用,革命的主力军不是别的什么群体,而是军人,包括新军、民军、巡防队、警察和学生等,这些问题直接影响到学术界对于辛亥革命性质的探讨;而革命发生后军权势力的扩张又严重影响着近代中国社会的发展,对于这些问题的讨论有利于探清辛亥革命的一些重大问题。     

明末的"辽人"与"辽军"

“辽人”是明代东北地区的汉族区域群体,因长期的边塞生活而具有边疆特点的社会性格。后金进入辽东后,“辽人”有抗、殉、降、逃等不同的表现,反映出他们的复杂心态。清太祖晚年民族矛盾激化,“辽人”奋起抵抗,组成“岛兵”与“关宁辽军”两大军事集团,“辽军”遂成为抗金(清)主力。清太宗即位后,明、清双方展开了对“辽人”与“辽军”的争夺。清太宗调整民族政策,改善汉族待遇,并以军事胜利为后盾,重用、“思养”汉宫为政治号召,积极争取“辽军”,效果显,终于化顽敌为羽翼,大批“辽人”加入清军,为清朝开国做出了重要贡献。     

Between subversion and coup d'etat: military power and politics after the Great War (1919 – 1922)

Abstract

One of the chief accusations brought against the Italian army has been that between 1919 and 1922 it decided to exert its own political will, venturing to the bounds of subversion in its effort to reorganize the Italian state in a reactionary direction. But the participation of officers and soldiers in episodes of street fighting, in the name of a patriotic anti-Socialist mobilization, or the implication of generals in rumors of golpe, signals of a downhill trend in terms of military discipline, constituted merely the most visible and salient aspect of a much more complex process, rich in nuances, contradictions, and fractures – the process of politicization of the Italian military following the First World War. Really, various sectors of the postwar Italian army and navy clearly preferred to abandon the strong tradition of political neutrality for the prerogative and the privileges offered by the new model of civilian – military relations established by the wartime legislation of 1915. The postwar Italy represented a particular variant on the normalization of the role of the military in Europe, to such a degree that it would be more appropriate to speak of a ‘failure to demobilize wartime culture’ for the military officers themselves, which translated in the concrete terms of political action into the decision not to accept being cloistered once more in their barracks. With the so called Governatorati Militari in Dalmatia, Venezia Giulia and Trentino, the military authorities were licensed to wield practically absolute power, free not only of the normal chain of command but also uncontrolled by the Italian government. The politicization of the officer corps, suspicions concerning the loyalty to the institutions of many of that corps' commanders, the psychosis of the Soviet uprising of the troops, all converged to make the army an unreliable instrument in the eyes of the civilian leadership. A mistrust that would grow in the months to come, sharpening the power crisis of the liberal state and revealing itself fully at the time of that state's collapse, between the summer and the autumn of 1922.     

辽代世家大族的军事势力

辽王朝在中国历史上以"用武立国"而著称,作为主要的军事支柱,世家大族的军事势力引人注目.其具体表现一是其强盛的私兵势力,这与世家大族广泛占有奴隶是相适应的;二是由于世代统兵所形成的军事权力和军事影响,这则是由辽朝的军事用人制度所决定的.     

论蒋介石与抗战期间的军事会议

在长达八年的抗日战争中,随着国际反法西斯战争形势与中国正面战场抗击日军的历次会战态势的变化,蒋介石连续召开一系列军事会议,制定并调整了对日作战方针,检讨了各次会战,策定了相应的战略战术,从中反映出蒋介石对形势的估计、对敌我双方军队的认识等,比较能够符合实情,也产生了一定的积极作用。但从总体上讲,蒋介石的话是“耳边风”,一吹就过,对国民党军队的劣根性改造无济于事。     

Early military industry in Denmark-Norway, 1500–1814

From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the Danish-Norwegian state sponsored the development of military industry essentially capable of covering all needs of the army and navy. Most establishments continued into the 20th century. This industry was concentrated in Denmark, despite the generally more favourable industrial environment in Norway. The military industry was, however, tightly integrated with the military itself and thus located within reach of the main base in Copenhagen. Despite the importance of private management and, increasingly, private ownership, the industry existed as a spinoff, dependent on the expertise of officers as well as the custom of the army and navy.     

略论新中国成立以来中国共产党对军队的绝对领导

中国共产党对军队的绝对领导,即"党指挥枪",是马克思主义建党建军学说与中国军事斗争实践相结合的伟大创造,是毛泽东建军思想的重要组成部分。新中国成立后,中国共产党逐步发展和完善了一整套领导人民军队的基本制度,实现了党的组织与军队建制的有机融合,实现了党的思想政治领导与军事行政领导的内在统一,并从新的高度深刻论述和发展了毛泽东"党指挥枪"的建军思想,为坚持党对军队的绝对领导奠定了新的理论基础。     

晚清＂新式＂陆军战力之异域表征--以法国军人报告审视1900年中国参战陆军

19世纪末期编练新式陆军是晚清实现军事近代化的一个重要里程碑,然而初建阶段的“新式”陆军并不是真正意义上的新式陆军。曾任八国联军法军总司令General H.Frev（弗赖）将军所著之《I’armee chinoise：l’armee ancienne,1’armeenouvelle,1,arm6echinoisedansl’avenir》一书依托八国联军侵华之战争场景,以外国军人之视角,以考察该时期“新式”陆军战力为切入点,向世人展现了19世纪末期晚清新式陆军建设的另一面,而这无疑将有助于完善对晚清新式陆军,乃至晚清军事近代化问题的历史认识。     

论日本与晚清军事教育近代化

19世纪末,日本势力开始渗入到中国的军事教育改革之中,随着日本顾问和教习人数的大量增加,日本逐渐垄断了中国的军事教育权,并由此对中国的军事近代化产生了深远的影响.     

Drawing (on) women’s military experiences and narratives – Israeli women soldiers’ challenges in the military environment

This article utilizes arts-based methods as a feminist methodology for understanding women’s experiences in military service, according to theories of feminist security studies. It explores how non-combatant women in the army retrospectively narrate stressful situations that happened during their military service. Using arts-based methods, we examine how they derive meaning from their experiences in a masculine, military environment, affected by ongoing conflict. This article analyzes twenty images drawn by Israeli women who served in the army in the previous 2–4 years. The women drew a stressful event from their military service, explained the image, and elaborated on how they coped with the situation. A content analysis of the pictures and the narratives produced three themes: the responsibility for others in life threatening situations, the military as a first professional work experience and the interaction between military and gender hierarchies. In general, women soldiers experienced the army as complex as they encountered their first adult work space in which they learned responsibility and skills of the ‘adults’ world’. However, they were also exposed to a rigid hierarchy and to stressful security situations typical of army contexts. While non-combat women soldiers were allegedly protected from the violence of the army, they are also indirectly exposed to the danger inherent in an army context. This analysis goes beyond the hero narrative, and moves into taboo territories of young women’s narratives and experiences in the military.     

德国与南京政府时期之军事变革研究

南京政府建立之际,日患渐重。对此,从1928年到1938年,在德国军事顾问的协助下,紧跟世界潮流,在武器装备更新、军队编制调整、军事教育等领域进行了大幅度的军事变革,使中国的军事发展适应了机械化战争的需要,也为即将到来的抗日战争奠定了坚实的物质基础。     

中国军队大裁军与新时期经济建设

以1975年邓小平领导的军队整顿为发端,中国人民解放军逐步走上一条大裁军之路。30年来,中国军队按照服从和服务于国家经济建设大局的原则,先后进行了6次大规模的精简整编,使军队总员额减少了65％,年度国防费开支在国家财政支出和国内生产总值中所占比例大幅度下降,探索和开创了一条有中国特色的精兵之路,有力地支持和促进了国家经济建设的快速发展,逐步形成国防建设与经济建设协调发展的局面,在正确处理国防和军队建设与国家经济建设的关系方面,创造和积累了宝贵的成功经验。     

“毋忧案是桩冤案”辨析——张家山汉简《奏谳书》研究之二

汉简《奏谳书》案例一记载了蛮夷成年男子毋忧因逃避”都尉屯”而被起诉,由夷道官吏审理,但未能判决。该案被上报廷尉,廷尉判处毋忧腰斩刑。本案诉讼程序完整,适用军法也符合汉初的司法要求,所以毋忧案是一则典型的军法案例。     

"毋忧案是桩冤案"辨析——张家山汉简《奏谳书》研究之二

汉简《奏谳书》案例一记载了蛮夷成年男子毋忧因逃避"都尉屯"而被起诉,由夷道官吏审理,但未能判决.该案被上报廷尉,廷尉判处毋忧腰斩刑.本案诉讼程序完整,适用军法也符合汉初的司法要求,所以毋忧案是一则典型的军法案例.     

关于中国军队中朝鲜族官兵返回朝鲜的历史考察

朝鲜战争爆发前,中国军队中的一大批朝鲜族官兵先后返回朝鲜。这些官兵大都是自近代以来尤其是日本吞并朝鲜以来,从朝鲜半岛迁入中国东北的朝鲜族。特殊的历史环境造就了这些朝鲜族具有双重国籍的特性,也构成了战后朝鲜族部队形成、改编和回国的复杂背景。他们返回朝鲜,看似孤立的历史事件,但它源于自近代以来朝鲜半岛向中国移民的历史,源于中朝两国人民携手反抗日本侵略的武装斗争史,更源于战后初期在特殊历史背景下展开的中国共产党与朝鲜的关系。某种意义上讲,它是这种错综复杂的历史渊源关系发展的必然结果。     

抗战时期国民党军队的走私活动

抗战时期,驻扎在各地的国民党军队广泛地参与了大后方与沦陷区间的走私活动,造成了极为严重的后果.由于国民政府有意让军队以经商来解决经济困难、军队内部军系复杂、军人拥有武力以及腐败盛行等原因,使国民党当局难以制止军队卷入走私大潮中.     

Obsolete Muskets,Lethal Remingtons: Heterogeneity and Firepower in Weapons of The Frontier War,Argentina, 1869–1877

Abstract

This paper deals with firearms that were employed by the Argentine army in frontier warfare between 1869 and 1877. Documentary information and archaeological assemblages from two contemporary military facilities — Fort General Paz and Fortín Algarrobos — are combined to characterize the armament in service during those years. This was a crucial period, during which a process of modernisation and standardisation of the army’s armament started, centred on the incorporation of Remington single-shot breech-loading rifles and carbines. However, the archaeological record shows that this process was slow and that an astonishing variety of older firearms (flintlocks, percussion smoothbores and rifles) remained in service, causing logistic and operative problems, and reducing the army’s combat effectiveness. The paper then discusses the impact of the incorporation of the Remington guns on frontier warfare, critiquing commonly held determinist characterisations, and placing the Remington’s effect in a broader political and economic context.     

鸦片税收与清末练兵经费

晚清鸦片税厘的财政意义随着土产鸦片泛滥而日渐凸现 ,日俄战争以后 ,清廷亟亟以编练新军为急务 ,洋土药税收大量用于新军编练 ,军费赖其支持甚大。 1 90 6年鸦片禁政开始实行 ,尤其是 1 90 8年下半年各地实行缩期禁烟政策 ,土产鸦片税收缩减甚巨 ,练兵经费的筹措面临危机 ,各省与中央、度支部与陆军部等因军费筹解困难而迭生矛盾 ,政争不断。鸦片禁政本属良政 ,却因此造成财政和军事经费的困境 ,其影响之复杂可见一斑