澄城刘家洼遗址出土青铜器腐蚀成因研究

刘家洼遗址出土大量珍贵的青铜器对研究春秋早期芮国历史具有重要价值,但由于青铜器受到长期腐蚀影响,其蕴含的部分信息可能发生损失。为研究刘家洼青铜器的工艺、保存状况与稳定性,揭示关中东部黄土塬区出土青铜器的土壤腐蚀特征,并为文物保护修复提供参考依据,本工作对刘家洼青铜器腐蚀成因进行综合研究。本工作利用金相显微镜观察、扫描电镜-能谱、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱等分析手段对刘家洼遗址出土6件青铜器样品的锈蚀物相与锈层结构进行表征。结果表明,青铜器腐蚀产物以赤铜矿、孔雀石以及白铅矿为主。部分青铜器表面存在浅绿色粉状腐蚀产物,但并非含氯腐蚀产物。刘家洼青铜器锈层结构自金属基体向外依次为过渡层、原始表面内非金属层、原始界面、原始表面外原位沉积层及扩散沉积层。原始界面内非金属层Cu/Sn值低于基体,表明基体内的铜元素腐蚀后向外迁移以及锡元素腐蚀后形成锡石原位沉积。原始界面外Cu/Sn比值显著高于原始界面内非金属层,表明外迁的铜离子在埋藏环境作用下沉积。本工作通过对青铜器附着土壤样品pH值、氧化还原电位以及离子色谱分析,结果表明刘家洼青铜器埋藏环境为弱碱性氧化型环境,土壤中氯离子含量不高,这与出土青铜器的腐蚀...     

浅谈青铜器修复

中国古代青铜器因收藏环境改变引起青铜器不能稳定存在的;或因地下墓葬塌陷、地层变化使青铜器被挤压变形、撞击使青铜器残破或缺损的;青铜器存在有害锈等可发展病害,影响完好存在的;青铜器表面被附着物覆盖,需要研究覆盖物下的文字、花纹等科技信息的;都需要进行修复,青铜器修     

带锈青铜器真伪的鉴别

本就在观察分析带锈青铜器锈蚀物的基础上,应用扫描电子显微镜和X-射线粉晶衍射仪检测分析,确定中提及的4件带锈青铜器为伪器。同时中对青铜器锈的真伪辨别方法进行了论述。     

古代青铜器的腐蚀性破坏

青铜器为什么生了很多锈?为什么有的青铜器光滑无锈;有的青铜器却锈成了一堆,看不出器形?为什么青铜器表皮具有不同颜色的“地子”?铜器的锈又有不同的形状?为什么有的铜器非常坚固;有的铜器却又腐朽不堪,一碰就坏?所有这些问题,都可以用“青铜器的腐蚀”来解释和回答。因此,青铜器腐蚀对文物、考古工作者来说,是一个应该认识、应该了解的重要问题;特别是在博物馆收藏品中,对青铜器保管、保养、修复、复制等技术工作有着密切的关系,更应该了解它,认识它,并进而掌握它。这里,我仅将个人多年从事青铜器修复工作的一点经验、体会介绍出来,作为工作中的参考。     

湖北叶家山墓地出土青铜器的锈层结构研究

本文利用显微镜观察、扫描电镜能谱分析、拉曼光谱分析、X射线衍射分析等对湖北随州叶家山墓地出土青铜器样品的锈蚀类型和锈层结构进行了分析和研究。结果表明青铜器锈层结构包括两种类型:Ⅰ类锈蚀保留了器物的原始表面,一般包含表层沉积层、非金属层、过渡层及晶间锈蚀。非金属层厚约8～57微米,表面可观察到原金属组织"假晶",主要成分为锡石(SnO_2)及其他铜盐;过渡层α相优先锈蚀,(α+δ)共析体保留下来;Ⅱ类锈蚀呈瘤状,原始表面被严重破坏,可分为两层,表层呈浅绿色,内层呈红褐色或蓝绿相间的层状结构,主要由锡石、孔雀石、蓝铜矿、赤铜矿组成,内外层各组分比例有差异。本文还探讨了两种锈层结构的形成过程。     

湖北随州叶家山西周墓地出土青铜器锈层结构的综合分析

为研究湖北随州叶家山西周墓地出土6件典型青铜器残片的锈蚀特征,利用超景深三维视频显微分析、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、离子色谱、拉曼光谱(Raman)及扫描电镜能谱面扫描分析(SEM-EDS Mapping)等方法对其进行了综合分析。研究结果表明:叶家山墓地墓葬多为中性/弱酸性、贫氯埋藏环境,有利于青铜器的保存。其锈层结构丰富,符合基于水与青铜器模拟腐蚀过程所推导的锈层结构类型。唯M46为弱碱性、富氯的埋藏环境,该墓出土残片锈蚀中存在有害锈,属于典型"粗糙疏松"锈层类型,亟须对该墓出土其他铜器进行相关保护处理。本研究系利用拉曼及扫描电镜能谱面扫描分析等方法对古代青铜器锈层结构进行原位、综合分析的工作。实践指出,利用拉曼及扫描电镜能谱面扫描分析等方法,可快捷、高效、有针对性地分析古代青铜器的锈层结构。     

青铜器锈蚀结构组成及形态的比较研究

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线电子能谱(EDS)和金相显微镜(OM)等方法,分析比较了染有“粉状锈”与未染“粉状锈”的典型青铜残片的锈蚀产物的矿物组成、腐蚀层分层结构及金相组织。结果发现,未染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品腐蚀层一般分为二层,外层是二价铜化合物,合金组织中未见α (α δ)组织,锈蚀产物中不含碱式氯化铜;而染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品都含有碱式氯化铜,其断面腐蚀层分三至四层,且每层锈体的结构和元素组成各不相同,在靠近合金基体层的锈层中发现了大量的CuCl存在。结果表明,青铜文物表面锈蚀覆盖层的致密性、空气中的湿度及锈层中CuCl层状分布的存在,是青铜器表面“粉状锈”形成和发展的根本原因。     

青铜器的修复与保护方法探析

青铜器的修复与保护是对文物修复者工作技术的一种考验。青铜器因为其铜质的差异和水土条件的不一样使得它的锈色各异,并由此形成了具有别样特色的朴质美感。出土的青铜器由于年代太久,有相当一部分存在着一定程度的破坏,因此对其修复和保护具有重要意义。本文主要就青铜器的修复和保护进行重点论述,探讨如何保护好这一类重要的历史文物。     

青铜文物锈蚀机理及有害锈转化剂研究

为保护好出土青铜物,防止“青铜病”蔓延,必须除去有害锈,为此作了青铜器锈蚀机理的模拟性验证实验。依据电化学原理,经6次配方筛选和多次工艺条件试验,研制出能将青铜器中有害锈转化为无害锈的转化剂,它可特有害锈中的CT转化成Cl2、Cu^ 转化为Cu^2 和Cu,从而制止“青铜病”的蔓延。用此方法对青铜物进行保护,在大气中存放7年,至今保护完好,无锈点。     

镀金铜器上清除腐蚀产物的新技术

1．前言目前,对镀金铜器上腐蚀物的处理有两种方法,一种是机械方法,即利用小型研磨器或喷磨料来去除器物上的绿锈,另一种是化学方法,使用一种稀酸来分解器物上的绿锈。这两种清除绿锈的方法都有很多弊病。例如酸溶液在分解器物表面绿锈同时,还会浸害器物的本体。虽然我们现在使有的去除器物表面绿锈的机械方法比以前安全多了。他是就铜器表面镀金层上的绿锈清除而言,还存在以下一些问题。（1）镀金层的平均厚度一般＜10μm,在非常薄的情况下,镀金层上所形成的绿锈要比镶金层上形成的绿锈坚硬。因此,当使用机械手段去除绿锈时,镀…     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.