一级上将何应钦(连载23)

何应钦,黄埔军校的总教官,国民党一级上将,担任过国民政府陆海空军司令部总参谋长、军政部长等要职,是黄埔系里仅次于蒋介石的二号人物。本文作者熊宗仁,著名历史学家。本刊从2010年一期起,连载熊氏所著长篇《一级上将何应钦》,以飨读者。西北"善后"瓦解东北军西北军川康"整军"整治刘甫澄和川军     

川谣·川灾·川政——抗战前夕四川的统一化进程

西安事变后,陕甘善后和四川整军先后成为南京国民政府奠定抗日后方的两大战略.与其他省份的统一方式有所不同的是,抗战前夕南京国民政府借助"川谣"和"川灾"对川政形成的巨大舆论压力,诱迫四川省政府主席刘湘频派代表入京高调辟谣,进一步强化了"国家统一"的话语优势,并较为顺利地推行了中央奠安川局的方案.四川整军虽因抗战爆发而仓促收场,但政治高层与社会舆论联袂"息谣"和"救灾",却为南京国民政府最终结束四川的半独立状态塑造了有利统一的心理条件.     

解放战争前后中共对川康实力派的合作与统战

正川康地区主要是指解放前四川省和西康省的地区。当时,四川和西康在国民政府的行政划分上是同一行政区域,因此,也简称为川康地区。解放前,川康地区的行政大权并不在国民党的中央政府手上,而是在以刘文辉、邓锡侯等川康地方军阀手上,他们构成了川康的地方实力派。由于国民党内部派系的错综复杂,使得地方实力派与中央政府处于貌合神离的复杂关系之中。这也为中共在川康地区的革命活动和对川康地方实力派的统战工     

试论1937年的川康整军会议

发生于1937年抗战前夕的川康整军会议,在政治和经济方面有着深刻的原因。它本是蒋介石在"两广事变"之后,进一步削略地方军阀势力和加强控制四川的一次有计划、有目的的行动,但由于蒋介石为首的中央政权与刘湘为首的四川军阀政权之间存在着非常复杂尖锐矛盾,以及后来的全面抗战的爆发,蒋的计划并未达到预期的目的。整军会议之后,四川军阀刘湘集团的势力进一步巩固和壮大,这不仅加剧了刘、蒋业已存在的矛盾,而且引起了蒋对刘的进一步忌恨,这也可能是后来,蒋介石乘刘湘在汉口生病之机派人置他于死地的一个重要原因。     

何应钦与广东革命根据地的巩固

大革命运动中前期.何应钦积极参与黄埔军校的创建工作.提出了一套行之有效的军事训练方法.他率领黄埔官兵成为两次东征、平定刘、杨叛乱、处理"廖案"等一系列军事行动的主力.在此过程中,何应钦表现出一定的军事指挥才能和吃苦耐劳、不怕牺牲的军人素质,在实战中起到了积极作用.这些军事活动,既推动了广东革命根据地的统一和巩固,也为他日后飞黄腾达奠定了基础.其间,他的政治挝思想尚能跟随时代潮流前进,在一定程度上赞成国共合作,支持工农运动和反帝运动.     

华西边疆研究学会与三星堆文化的早期研究

成立于1922年的华西边疆研究学会,是中国近代第一个以华西边疆研究为宗旨的国际学术机构,是近代华西文化史上一个具有独特意义的里程碑.它重点考察川西北、川康、川藏及滇北少数民族地区,研究内容涉及人文、自然科学领域,取得的学术成果丰硕.这些成果具有较高的学术价值.在文化交流中,华西边疆研究学会是华西文化西渐之先驱,吸引起国际汉学界对华西更多关注.学会在广汉遗址发现、发掘与早期研究中曾发挥重要的作用.     

何应钦:黄埔系的保姆

正何应钦辞世已有27年了,无论今人受何应钦辞世已有年了,无论今人受什么样的立场、观点主导,以什么样的标准对黄埔军校时期的何应钦作出价值评判,都没法将他的功绩抹杀。而且可以肯定地预期,随着时光流逝和两岸关系的实质性推进,对何应钦何以成为"黄埔系的保姆",会有更深刻而具体的认知。"黄埔系"是指由黄埔军校培养出来的将领担任主官的国民党统治中国大陆时期的武装基干力量,是蒋介石取得和执掌国民党的党、政、军大权的嫡系部队。其最初的缘起和发展、壮大,都与一个从贵州山沟里走出去传奇人物——何应钦,有不解之缘。故何应钦在国民党军政界中有"黄埔系的保姆"之称。     

抗战名师——川军第四十一军(上)

正1937年6月,国民政府军事委员会召开川康整军会议。未久,七七事变爆发,与会川军将刘湘、邓锡侯、李家钰等纷纷请缨杀敌,共御外侮。蒋介石遂命刘湘为第二路预备军司令长官,下辖2个纵队。第一纵队,邓锡侯、孙震分任正、副司令。下辖第四十一军,孙震兼任军长,第四十五军,邓锡侯兼任军长,第四十七军,李家钰任军长。第二纵队,唐式遵、潘文华分任正、副司令。1937年9月,第一纵队改称第二十二集团军,经川陕公路开赴抗日前     

国民党与溥仪出宫事件

溥仪出宫事件是民国史上的一件大事,产生的影响大,牵涉的问题多,学界的研究还不够深入,而国民党与溥仪出宫事件的关系问题,则未见专文研究。实际上国民党在整个溥仪出宫事件中,发挥了相当重要的作用,从参与驱逐溥仪出宫,到应对溥仪出宫后的社会反响,从主持清室善后委员会的工作,到创建故宫博物院,皆全力投入。可以说,溥仪出宫事件是国民党领导的国民革命运动的重要组成部分。     

浅谈播音主持与大众生活的联系

播音主持的艺术和魅力就在于它作为文化传播的桥梁和纽带,在大众生活中发挥的举足轻重的作用。本文从播音主持作为文化转播的桥梁和纽带,主持形式、方式的日益多样化和满足大众文化的新需要三个方面进行分析,阐述播音主持在内涵建设、顺应时代发展以及满足不同阶层的需求等方面的影响,从而为加强播音主持与大众生活之间的联系奠定良好基础。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.