"层累地造成的中国古史"--一个带有普遍意义的知识论命题

顾颉刚“层累地造成的中国古史”一说的内涵不仅仅局限于史料学的层面,它的现代性似乎主要体现在顾颉刚对历史知识一般性质、尤其是其不确定性的看法上或对历史知识的谦卑的态度上。搁置历史本体、着重于古史知识形成过程的“层累构成说”标明了顾颉刚经验主义的知识立场。而在普遍的知识论意义上,从怀疑古史记录到怀疑全部历史记录,顾颉刚事实上已经触及了历史知识的一般性质与“神话”的性质的关系问题。     

近现代“群众”观念及其内在张力——“群众”概念两个层面的现代转换

“群众”概念在近现代经历了从否定性涵义到肯定性涵义的转换,同时近现代历史客观上也显示了“群众”作为集体的力量和作为社会历史创造者的能量,但其间也凸显出对于“群众”的双重态度和矛盾心态;从另一层面而言,在历史文本和叙述中呈现出来的“群众”概念基本上是一个对象性、客体性概念。这些因素形成了近现代群众观念的内在张力。考察汉语语境中“群众”概念的源流,分析形成群众心理和群众意识的社会基础,认识其历史与现实问题,对当代社会确立公民主体性意识,避免西方现代“无(非)主体性”大众社会问题,促进现代“群众”承担社会主体性义务、责任和使命,具有重要意义。其中关键问题在于“群众”及其意象从对象(客体)性境遇,到“群众”或“人民”自身的社会历史主体意识及相应社会责任、义务自觉认同的转折。     

经与史：宋代《左传》学研究的二重路径

从学术史来看,经与史是宋代《左传》学研究最重要的二重路径。在宋代经学疑经思潮背景下,学者们对《左传》作者的身份及形成时代提出了怀疑;对杜注为代表的解《左传》之“例”,特别是其中的“从赴告”说之牵强提出批评;对《左传》中不符合义理之处进行批评与改造。经学上的怀疑与批评降低了《左传》的经学地位,从而使其史学特性受到重视,一些学者把《左传》当作史书来看待,肯定其作为编年体的典范对宋代编年体史书编纂产生的重要影响;对《左传》进行史学改编,促进了宋代历史编纂学的发展;重视《左传》蕴含的史料价值,据此对春秋历史发展大势以及制度沿革作出考察。宋代经学上对《左传》学旧说的怀疑与批评,为人们提供了新的研究思路。与此同时,伴随着《左传》经学地位的“降格”,其史学价值则得到了进一步发掘。     

推进中国历史学“三大体系”建设的时代价值及意义——“中国历史学‘三大体系’建设学术论坛”综述北大核心

为全面贯彻落实习近平总书记在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上关于加快构建中国特色哲学社会科学学科体系、学术体系、话语体系(以下简称“三大体系”)的重要讲话精神和习近平总书记致中国历史研究院成立的贺信精神,中国历史研究院中国历史学学科体系学术体系话语体系研究中心联合苏州大学社会学院,于2023年4月23—25日在苏州大学召开了“中国历史学‘三大体系’建设学术论坛”。中国社会科学院中国历史研究院、历史理论研究所、近代史研究所、考古研究所,以及北京师范大学、浙江大学、南京大学、吉林大学、华东师范大学、苏州大学等近二十所高校与科研院所的四十余名专家学者参会,围绕新时代如何加快构建中国特色历史学“三大体系”进行了深入交流和探讨。这是深入践行习近平总书记关于加快构建中国历史学“三大体系”的具体举措和有益尝试,为中国历史学“三大体系”建设提供了诸多学术启发和思考。     

走向“近代”与“文学”——日本大众文学源流的再思考

大众文学是20世纪日本文坛独具特色的一种文学形态,因此日本学界对其理论研究可谓是汗牛充栋,论争不断。本文从其中的一个问题即产生的源流出发,在梳理日本大众文学源流研究的基础上,进一步剖析大众文学与日本的“近代”、“文学”等概念确立的内在关联。日本近代社会促成了大众文学的发生,而大众文学也起到了塑造日本国民精神与素质的重要作用;日本文学的近代性孕育于大众文学,而大众文学也承载了日本近代文学独特的生命力。至少在源流上,在日本是不存在大众文学与纯文学的界限之分的,二者的对峙图式只是其发生的一种建构而已。     

辽代政治中心之争的回顾与启示

<正>辽朝的政治中心是在捺钵还是都城,抑或另有所在,这是研究契丹民族和辽朝历史不可回避的重要问题,在国内学界引起了广泛讨论。经过多年研究,学界主要出现了“都城说”“捺钵说”“行宫说”和“行朝说”四种观点,其中又以“都城说”“捺钵说”最具影响力。目前已有学者对此学术探讨进行了回顾,但主要集中于对各种观点的分类、归纳,以及在此基础上进行的横向对比分析,缺少以纵向的、动态的视角来观察这一问题的源流与发展,因而对未来研究的方向和重心的探讨较少。     

马克思自然概念的多维度解读

马克思以前的自然概念以非实践的方式来看待自然,割裂了自然与人、自然与历史、自然科学与人的科学的联系。马克思“感性的自然”突出了自然界与人的相关性;“人化的自然”强调了自然概念的社会历史性;“历史的自然”体现了自然与历史的辩证法;“人本学的自然”是对自然科学与人的科学分离的克服;“价值的自然”是对人与自然和谐的守望。     

中国史学传统及其近代转型之路

<正>史学作为中国文化中历史最为悠久的一门学术，在长达几千年的发展过程中，逐渐形成了一系列深固的传统。降及晚清，随着传统社会走向衰败和西学东渐的文化冲击，史学的发展也日益陷入困顿：观念的陈旧、视野的局促、方法的凝固和社会功能的明显缺失，无不在迫其展开一场革新自救，以应世变。以20世纪初“新史学”思潮涌起为启程标志的近代化转型，便反映了这一时代趋势。中国史学的近代转型，最初虽有国粹派、学衡派和新青年派等围绕着“西化”还是坚持本土传统文化为主体的建设思路展开过争论，但争论的结果，“西化”派显然占了上风，并由此成为史学近代化的主流路径。西方学术走出中世纪的近代表征，不外以人本主义取代神意史观，力求摆脱对宗教神学的依附关系，建立起独立的学科地位；提倡怀疑精神和科学理性，破除蒙昧主义，借助自然科学方法，树立“无征不信”的治学规则。循此路径，“新史学”把“史学革命”的重点首先集中到改变旧史观念方面，即反对维护君主专制的正统观及其史体、历史循环论和复古观，主张以西方进化论认识整个历史，提倡用近代民主价值观臧否史事人物。这也是梁启超全面批判旧史学的基调所在。但也应看到，中国史学的近代转型之...     

“汉学”的临界点——日本汉学引发的思考

“汉学”是历史上与“宋学”相对的学问还是广义上的国外中国学,是靠它的上下文来决定的．对于这一点。中国人似乎不用咬文嚼字就能心领神会,所以至今也未产生进行全面梳理的需要。另一方面,在分工日益精细的现代社会,一个表示学科范围的语词本身的暧昧。有时倒可以带来一些方便：     

评钱穆的中国社会演变论

中国社会演变论是钱穆先生用以中国史研究的史学理论,其内容和形式有一个发展、变化过程。这一理论的基本内涵是：以政治制度的演变为主体、以“士人政治”的变迁为主线用以考察中国历史上的社会演变过程,它反映了钱穆先生关于春秋以前是“封建社会”,战国以下是“四民社会”而非封建社会的中国史观点。这一理论的意图在于：用中国历史上社会演变的有限性来证成中国文化精神传统的不变性,其理论实质是道统文化史观。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.