旅游具身体验质量的量表开发与验证

无论是审视游客出行感受,还是提升行业服务品质,旅游体验的优劣评价都是一个重要依据。然而,旅游体验的身心在场与情境交互特性导致其科学测量问题尚未得到较好解决。鉴于此,文章依据具身理论阐释旅游具身体验质量的内涵,通过严格遵循量表开发流程,采用理论演绎、文本分析、焦点小组访谈、问卷调查等方法,开发出一份可靠有效的具身体验质量量表。21个问项归入6个维度,分别是：身体层面的强化的感官体验、交互的感官体验与整体的身体体验,场景组织层面的具身感觉性,以及情绪情感层面的情感升华与惊喜之情。本文为旅游体验评价提供新的测量工具,相关结论将为目的地创设特定场景以满足游客具身体验需求提供思路借鉴。     

A Practical Guide to Focus-Group Research

This article guides readers through the decisions and considerations involved in conducting focus-group research investigations into students' learning experiences. One previously published focus-group study is used as an illustrative example, along with other examples from the field of pedagogic research in geography higher education. An approach to deciding whether to use focus groups is suggested, which includes a consideration of when focus groups are preferred over one-to-one interviews. Guidelines for setting up and designing focus-group studies are outlined, ethical issues are highlighted, the purpose of a pilot study is reviewed, and common focus-group analysis and reporting styles are outlined.     

身体、情感与空间：老年人休闲旅居的具身体验

在新的流动范式认识下,“旅居”的出游方式因为更加自由和舒适的体验得到老年群体的青睐,当前研究主要关注偏“精英”色彩的老年人“旅居”现象,聚焦探讨这些现象背后的系列问题,但忽视了现象本身。目前一种更加大众化的老年人“旅居”现象得到蓬勃发展,但对其深层内涵与价值的探究鲜有见者。研究基于具身认知,聚焦现象本身,通过改良旅游者具身体验研究框架,采用既定程序的文本分析方法对样本深度访谈内容进行分析。研究发现,上述现象可参与群体广泛,舒适的异地休闲需求显著,活动具有高度的群体情感特性,承接空间接近过程相对轻松,舒适停留条件良好,老年人的日常休闲活动和社交群体能够更为便利和大众化的在异地实现有效延续与发展。研究将该现象命名为老年人休闲旅居,其能够成为老年人居家养老生活的有益补充,有重要现实意义。     

Teaching historical geography in the field

This paper examines the pedagogical and practical challenges associated with teaching historical geography, and archival research specifically, in the context of the undergraduate field trip. In so doing, it draws upon students' own reflections on the experience of conducting archival research during a field trip to New York City and presents the results of an international survey of academics' views as to the current problems and future possibilities associated with the teaching of historical geography and the implications of these perspectives for future curriculum design.     

近三十年来中国历史气候研究方法的进展——以文献资料为中心

过去30年里,中国历史气候的研究取得了世所瞩目的成就。这一研究领域中每次重要的进展,都伴随着资料的开拓和方法的创新。有鉴于此,本文主要对近三十年来历史气候研究中文献资料的收集整理、资料中存在问题的甄别和处理,温度序列、干湿序列的重建及其它相关历史气候研究领域中研究方法的进展做了回顾总结。指出研究方法的进步主要体现在更有效地提取和利用历史文献中的有效信息,尽量减少重建过程和结果的不确定性。而一定的方法总是适用于一定的资料。并认为新资料的继续开拓和集成方法的发展完善将进一步推动研究的进步。     

奥克肖特的“历史经验”理论及其当代价值——一种基于《经验及其模式》的解读

英国当代著名历史哲学家奥克肖特在其《经验及其模式》中阐发了一种独特的历史经验理论。在对历史学性质的看法上,虽然后现代历史哲学在奥克肖特的视野之外,但他实际上兼备了"现代"和"后现代"的双重视域,因而可以帮助我们超越现代和后现代,以便形成一种对历史学相对合理的认识。而且,奥克肖特的历史经验理论也有助于我们深刻理解当前西方历史哲学领域有关"经验"问题的讨论。     

The Problems of Utilizing ‘Direct Experience’ in Geography Education

In response to the various calls for sustainable development, a range of activities has been initiated by central and local government, business, NGOs and other institutions. In this paper, the authors focus on the important learning context of higher education. They review the agenda established at Rio and, through a critical examination of developments within the UK, comment on issues and challenges facing the sector.     

邓小平评价历史的方法论原则

邓小平评价历史的方法论原则是邓小平方法论中的一个重要组成部分,主要包括以下内容：实事求是;着眼于全局和未来;恰如其分;宜粗不宜细;具体问题具体分析。它是一个融科学标准、政治标准、价值标准和策略方法为～体的完整体系,各部分之间互相依存,有着内在的逻辑联系。其中,实事求是是最基本的科学评价方法,是这个体系的基础和核心;着眼于全局和未来是邓小平评价历史的根本目的和重要方法;其他的方法论原则都是以实事求是为基础、为评价历史的根本目的服务的。     

建国60年来党内民主发展的历程、经验及前瞻

发展党内民主不仅是党的建设的重要内容,而且是国家民主政治建设的路径选择。本文以党章的修改为历史视角,研究从其中折射出的新中国成立60年以来党内民主科学发展的历史进程,进而总结了党内民主实现科学发展的基本经验,并以此历史经验为理论依据,试对党内民主的未来发展走向做出学理性的前瞻。     

身份认同与具身体验内在响应研究——以中国“同志”赴泰旅游为例

同性恋旅游正在成为一个全新的旅游细分市场,而身份认同作为中国“同志”在旅游过程中的自我认同和身份的确认,在旅游体验的获得上具有较为紧密的关联。身份认同与旅游具身体验的响应研究以中国“同志”赴泰旅游为例,通过16位中国“同志”旅游者五天四夜的赴泰旅游日记的撰写,并结合后续通过3位日记撰写受访者和6位赴泰旅游的受访者的深度访谈逐字稿进行访谈,探讨中国“同志”赴泰的身份认同与具身体验响应的内在关联研究。研究表明,中国“同志”赴泰旅游体验是实现身份认同和自我认同的具身性实践和反思,也是叙事性内容建构的过程,进而得出身份认同与旅游具身体验内在关联的叙事过程性空间模型。本研究将补足深化和拓宽亚洲“同志”的身份认同与具身体验的研究较少的现状,做了进一步的细分旅行者行为和心理的研究。     

20世纪中国的史学方法论研究

20世纪中国史学方法论研究,是一笔丰厚的史学遗产。从梁启超的《新史学》,到三四十年代一系列史学理论方法论读本的出版,再到当代台湾的史学方法论研究,是新史学派史学方法发展的大体脉络。从李大钊对马克思主义历史观的介绍和宣传,到郭沫若所代表的开始用马克思主义研究中国历史的尝试和实践,再到翦伯赞的《历史哲学教程》的出版,标志着中国马克思主义史学发展的第一阶段;从50到70年代是马克思主义史学方法广泛普及和曲折发展的时期;改革开放以后的20年,是中国马克思主义史学史上方法论研究空前繁荣和活跃的时期。总结百年来的史学方法论研究,给新世纪史学发展留下了诸多启示。     

从城市到乡村——中国特色革命道路的开辟及意义

中国共产党在成立28年后就夺取了全国政权,总结起来原因很多,但最根本的一条就是成功开辟了中国特色革命道路。时至今日,中国共产党在全国执政已60余年,经过较长时间的历史积淀,加之各种资料的陆续刊布,都为更清晰地认识中国特色革命道路的形成和发展提供了条件,而加强这方面的研究,于学术和现实皆有意义。     

移动地理研究的一种理论框架——基于文献分析

移动性是21世纪人文地理的研究热点和重要议题,它体现了空间科学的社会学转向,属于人文地理学的核心概念和中心命题,其中心性突出体现在它与其他传统和新兴的人文地理分支学科的交叉。本文以表格为工具梳理了地理移动性的研究理路,发现移动地理与其他人文地理分支学科共同聚焦的核心是：时间地理、旅游地理、行为地理的“时空行为”问题,政治地理、社会地理的“权力”“平等”“权利”问题,身体地理的“具身实践”“感官体验”问题,情感地理的“地方依恋”“身份认同”问题,想象地理的“地方感”问题,道德地理的“空间道德感”问题。本文识别这些关键问题为移动地理的“核心要素”,搭建移动地理的框架和体系,指出探查这些要素之间相互作用机制和不同时空移动类型的转化机理是未来移动性的研究方向。根据移动的空间尺度和时间强度,构建了包括日常移动、旅游和旅行移动到永久性移动在内的地理学移动性连续轴类型,并探索了移动地理研究的方法论体系。     

PERFORMING HISTORY: HOW HISTORICAL SCHOLARSHIP IS SHAPED BY EPISTEMIC VIRTUES

Philosophers of history in the past few decades have been predominantly interested in issues of explanation and narrative discourse. Consequently, they have focused consistently and almost exclusively on the historian's (published) output, thereby ignoring that historical scholarship is a practice of reading, thinking, discussing, and writing, in which successful performance requires active cultivation of certain skills, attitudes, and virtues. This paper, then, suggests a new agenda for philosophy of history. Inspired by a “performative turn” in the history and philosophy of science, it focuses on the historian's “doings” and proposes to analyze these performances in terms of epistemic virtue. It argues that historical scholarship is embedded in “practices” or “epistemic cultures,” in which knowledge is created and warranted by means of such virtues as honesty, carefulness, accuracy, and balance. These epistemic virtues, however, are not etched in stone: historians may highlight some of them, exchange one for another, or reinterpret their meaning. On the one hand, this suggests a rich area of research for historians of historiography. To what extent can consensus, conflict, continuity, and change in historical scholarship be explained in terms of epistemic virtue? On the other hand, the proposal outlined in this article raises a couple of philosophical questions. For example, on what grounds can historians choose among epistemic virtues? And what concept of the self comes with the notion of virtue? In addressing these questions, philosophy of history may expand its current scope so as to encompass not only “writings” but also “doings,” that is, the virtuous performances historians recognize as professional conduct.     

THINKING HISTORICALLY WHEN THE MARGINS BECOME THE CENTER: INTELLECTUAL HISTORY AS HISTORICAL CRITIQUE IN MARTIN JAY'S ESSAYS FROM THE EDGE

This review of Martin Jay's recent published collection of essays examines his ongoing rethinking, supplementation, and revision of central themes—the negative and positive dialectics of historical totalization, the varieties and uses of conceptions of experience, the nature of visual cultures and scopic regimes, and the ambiguities of truth‐construction in the public realm—that have been the focus of his major works since the 1970s. It argues that his more recent work indicates a gradual shift toward an affirmation of the kinds of paratactic and deconstructive thinking of Adorno and Derrida as models for producing appropriate forms of historical consciousness and historical critique in the present, and it raises the question of how the issues of historical truth‐telling, consensual collective identity, ethical action, and the cultural role of the critical intellectual are reformulated in this process.     

Data scopes for digital history research

The term Macroscope has recently been introduced as an instrument to study historical big data using digital tools. In this paper we argue the need for a more elaborate set of concepts to describe and reason about the interactions to select, enrich, connect, analyse and evaluate historical data using digital tools. Interactions change the data and are essential in understanding any subsequent analysis. It makes them part of historical research methodology, but there is little consensus on how these steps can or should be performed. Moreover, they are rarely reported and discussed. We introduce the term data scope as an instrument encompassing these choices and interactions. Elaborating on these processes encourages deeper reflection on and discussion of the interactions and their consequences for research outcomes.     

论张居正大力裁革冗官及其失败的原因

明朝中叶以后,由于官员数量渐增,国家财政开支加大,裁革冗官成为此后政治生活中不断议行的内容。张居正之前,已有多起裁革冗官之事,张居正担任首辅后,更大力推行裁革冗官的活动。这场裁革冗官活动共经过了四个阶段：万历八年为开始阶段;九年正月为高潮阶段;九年二月至九月为继续发展阶段;九年十月至十年六月为收尾阶段。所裁冗官推测当在一万员左右。张居正去世后,由于政局的变化,其所裁冗官陆续被恢复。张居正裁革冗官失败的原因有：活动本身有过火之处;在裁革冗官时对官吏的利益考虑太少。     

新中国成立60年党对历史经验的科学总结

高度重视和善于总结历史经验是中国共产党的政治优势。以毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民为核心的党的三代领导集体和以胡锦涛同志为总书记的党中央,在不同历史条件下对历史经验的科学总结推进了党的理论创新和实践创新,进而产生了毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系两大理论成果,建立了中华人民共和国和社会主义制度,开辟了中国特色社会主义的崭新道路。