3D geometrical modeling of excavation units at the archaeological site of Tell ‘Acharneh (Syria)

3D geometric modeling consists of representing geometric and spatial relationships of volumetric objects. We think it could be helpful in the context of archaeological excavation units representation and analysis. This article presents a procedure developed to generate 3D models from GPS positions taken at the top and the bottom of the excavation units boundaries on the archaeological site of Tell ‘Acharneh (Syria). It shows and discusses two geometrical modeling approaches (voxel and tetrahedral) used in the Gocad 3D modeling tool. Once excavation units are geometrically modeled, it is possible to refer them within a trench or the entire archaeological site, to handle them in various ways (zoom, rotation, translation), to perform on them 3D spatial analysis such as volumetric calculus or intersection computation, to make various kinds of queries such as to find out excavation units that have a certain number of artefacts, to generate sections anywhere in the 3D model, and finally to publish it with VRML (Virtual Reality Modular Language). As well as improving data analysis techniques, we think that if this 3D modeling operation can be done during the excavation, it could greatly help archaeologists to plan more efficiently their daily excavation strategy.     

考古地层的三维建模方法在秦始皇帝陵考古勘探中应用尝试

为了更清楚地展示秦始皇帝陵地区考古地层的三维空间关系,并为后期考古工作中空间数据挖掘做准备,借鉴三维地质建模技术,提出了考古地层三维建模方法。基于探孔数据构建了考古地层三维模型。该模型清楚地展示了秦始皇帝陵地区考古地层的三维空间关系,为田野考古数字化工作提供一种新思路、新方法。     

基于海量点云数据的大雁塔三维重建

古建筑三维重建已成为历史遗迹保护与修复的重要内容。为了探讨三维激光扫描数据的获取流程、数据处理方法,以三维激光扫描获取的大雁塔海量点云数据为例,研究了古建筑三维重建中点云数据获取与处理的详细过程。联合Cyclone、AutoCAD和3D-Max软件的优点构建了大雁塔真实的横面、剖面、立面模型,其中重点研究了海量点云数据在Cyclone软件中分块建模的方法。结果表明:将拼接好的大雁塔海量点云数据分块建模,不仅加快了数据处理的速度,而且符合精度要求。在点云数据拼接时采用标靶拼接和同名点拼接相结合及测站间两两拼接之后再整体拟合平差的方法,减少了拼接中的误差,使每站拼接误差都不超过3cm。在建模过程中的墙体拟合是上万个点云经过平差计算得到,精度高达2mm。最后在3D-Max软件中组合、渲染和贴图,真实地构建了大雁塔三维立体模型。为古建筑数字化存档和后期的修缮工作提供了重要的依据。     

文物真三维数字建模技术在秦始皇兵马俑博物馆中的应用——以一号坑陶俑为例

随着高新技术的发展,文保应用研究中引入了三维扫描技术。通过对秦兵马俑一号坑陶俑的扫描实例,介绍了一套利用三维激光扫描技术建立文物真三维模型的基本流程及方法,并通过文物真三维数据管理系统对模型进行展示、分析与研究。文物真三维数据模型的建立,使全面观察研究、再现和重建遗迹及文物成为可能,为文物的数字化展示、数字博物馆的建立、文物鉴赏以及文化遗产的保存提供了新思路。     

基于点云数据的秦始皇兵俑头面部特征提取与统计分析研究

考古出土的秦始皇兵俑是秦朝十分珍贵的实物资料,具有重大的历史、科学和艺术研究价值,其“千人千面”的特点更是备受关注,被认为是秦人的真实写照。现代人体测量中,头面部特征因其多受遗传因素作用,少受环境因素影响,被广泛应用于分析各民族之间的亲缘关系。通过采集50个样本的兵俑头部高精度三维点云数据并提取了头面部特征,运用样本相关性分析和数据大小排序的统计分析方法,与现代29个群体或地区头面部特征进行了对比研究。结果显示秦始皇兵俑样本的头面部特征完全各异且高度相关,同时与现代群体或地区的头面部特征差异性较小,定量化地明确了秦始皇兵俑的相关特点。     

三维激光扫描在文物考古中应用述评

对文物和遗址遗存进行精确描述和测绘一直是文物保护和考古发掘工作中的一个重要内容。相较于传统测绘方法,三维激光扫描具有快速、准确、无需接触文物表面等优势,已被广泛采用于文物保护和考古发掘工作中。本文对三维激光扫描的原理和工作流程进行简要介绍,并对其近期在文物保护和考古工作中的应用情况做出综述和评论。     

Increasing contextual information by merging existing archaeological data with state of the art laser scanning in the prehistoric funerary deposit of Pastora Cave,Eastern Spain

In this paper we present a virtual reconstruction of prehistoric funerary practices in Pastora Cave, a collective burial site in Eastern Spain that dates from the Late Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. Modern data of the cave was captured by 3D laser scanning techniques and added to recorded archaeological data and 3D graphic information. The combination of these data sets allowed us to create a hypothetical reconstruction to analyze the material excavated in the 1940s and 50s in greater spatial context. A 3D model of the current cave was created in order to serve as a basis for modeling the relative stratigraphic information available. We present the methodology employed and the results and implications of the analysis for Pastora Cave with particular emphasis on the spatial and chronological data.     

馆藏文物保护中数字建模技术应用研究

随着三维扫描技术的发展,三维扫描技术的应用范围逐步扩大。在文物保护领域,三维扫描技术也有着重要的应用。同时,作为博物馆数字化的一个重要组成部分,馆藏文物保护与修复的数字化技术也在不断深入。因此,首都博物馆文物保护分析实验室应用三维激光扫描技术开展了一系列在文物保护分析过程中的数字建模工作,特别是对文物修复和复制的辅助作用进行了有益的尝试。针对工作过程中遇到的技术难点诸如偏色、背景干扰等进行了分析,并提出解决办法,旨在供文物保护领域和计算机技术领域共同探讨研究。     

莫高窟第172窟北壁建筑图像的三维数字化呈现

莫高窟第172窟北壁的建筑图像是敦煌壁画中最具盛唐建筑风格的典型代表作。本研究以探索敦煌壁画中二维建筑图像三维数字化呈现的方法为目标,以第172窟北壁中央的前殿图像为例,综合利用史料文献和实证材料,进行基于有限数据资料与结构逻辑推导的推测性研究,并集成运用图像处理软件(Adobe PhotoShop、Adobe Illustrator)和三维建模软件(SketchUp、Rhino),建立了第172窟北壁中央前殿的三维彩色模型,实现了壁画中的建筑图像从二维到三维的虚拟转变,相对科学、客观地再现了壁画中的建筑形象。通过3D打印等快速成型技术和虚拟投屏等展示利用手段,深度挖掘技术成果价值,扩展了壁画遗产的价值阐释与展示深度,带给观者超现实的空间体验。     

Identifying of buried archaeological remains with ground penetrating radar,polarized microscope and confocal Raman spectroscopy methods in ancient city of Nysa,Aydin – Turkey

The aim of this study was to image buried remains and appoint buried Hellenistic street system, and identify minerals and rock types of the ancient city of Nysa, one of the most important historical sites of Turkey. This study used polarized microscope and confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) ground penetrating radar (GPR) method, to identify the buried remains, rock types and minerals.     

基于结构面网络模拟的龙门石窟擂鼓台渗水产生机理研究

渗水病害在龙门石窟擂鼓台中发育明显,为明晰擂鼓台区渗水机理,现场对石窟内外共149条裂隙开展了调查。基于此数据样本,运用Monte-Carlo随机模拟生成了擂鼓台斜坡区结构面三维网络图。模拟结果显示,擂鼓台三窟中主要连通途径是由倾向NNW的层面和倾向SW和SE的两组近直立结构面构成,在石窟中部和南部结构面连通率分别高达87.1%和83.6%。综合该模拟结果及窟内外裂隙发育特征,可将擂鼓台北、中、南三洞渗水机理归结为:北洞SW、NWW倾向裂隙J12、J4加速2号平台滞水进入石窟顶部,洞内大量发育的倾向SW、SE裂隙向上与J12、J4连通,方便地表水渗入至洞内;中洞渗水受裂隙J12及J35控制,洞内大量发育的SW、SE倾向裂隙与J12、J35相通构成窟内主要渗水通道,其中J12与JM1直接相连是中洞渗水关键;南洞因山体缺失不存在沿层面渗水,地表水主要沿砌体与山体间隙及SE、SW倾向的J11、J31、J30等构造裂隙渗入,后在洞内连通程度较高的SW倾向裂隙引导下流至窟内表。本研究所取得的经验可为同行在以后类似工程中所应用。     

唐陵大遗址考古的思路与方法——2007～2008年度中国田野考古一等奖获奖项目介绍

<正>陕西唐陵大遗址保护项目的考古工作荣获2007～2008年度全国田野考古一等奖。这是国家文物局和考古学界对我们工作成绩的肯定与鼓励,也是我院田野考古工作者开拓创新、辛勤工作的结果。以下将唐陵考古工作中的思路、方法、措施以及得失作以介绍,以期得到考古界同仁的指教。     

南京市区就业空间布局研究

本文采取就业密度分析方法,对南京市区就业空间布局进行实证研究。在南京市区现有11个区的基础上将南京市区划分为159个研究单元。依据2005年南京市1%人口抽样调查资料中\"区县层面\"分行业就业数据,以及2006年南京市用地现状图,修正匹配得到各个研究单元制造业、服务业、商业金融业及总的就业密度值。并运用Arcgis软件对就业密度值进行核密度分析以及3D模拟,分析南京市区制造业、服务业以及总就业的空间布局特征及原因机制。     

Geophysical and geochemical evidence of large scale fluid flow within shallow sediments in the eastern Gulf of Mexico,offshore Louisiana

We analyse the fluid flow regime within sediments on the Eastern levee of the modern Mississippi Canyon using 3D seismic data and downhole logging data acquired at Sites U1322 and U1324 during the 2005 Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 308 in the Gulf of Mexico. Sulphate and methane concentrations in pore water show that sulphate–methane transition zone, at 74 and 94 m below seafloor, are amongst the deepest ever found in a sedimentary basin. This is in part due to a basinward fluid flow in a buried turbiditic channel (Blue Unit, 1000 mbsf), which separates sedimentary compartments located below and above this unit, preventing normal upward methane flux to the seafloor. Overpressure in the lower compartment leads to episodic and focused fluid migration through deep conduits that bypass the upper compartment, forming mud volcanoes at the seabed. This may also favour seawater circulation and we interpret the deep sulphate–methane transition zones as a result of high downward sulphate fluxes coming from seawater that are about 5–10 times above those measured in other basins. The results show that geochemical reactions within shallow sediments are dominated by seawater downwelling in the Mars‐Ursa basin, compared to other basins in which the upward fluid flux is controlling methane‐related reactions. This has implications for the occurrence of gas hydrates in the subsurface and is evidence of the active connection between buried sediments and the water column.