Damage or protection? The role of smoked crust on sandstones from Yungang Grottoes

Black crusts, such as dust deposit and smoked smudge, are the main pollutants in Yungang Grottoes, the world famous Buddhist heritage site. It is always considered that the black crust should be removed during the conservation process of stones. In this paper, the investigation of the role of smoked crust on the Yungang sandstones was performed to verify if the smoked layer on the stone surface would be harmful or protective. The results of SO₂ corrosion experiments with and without water both show that the samples covered with smoked layer can play a protective role on the sandstones, which means that the smoked layer on the stones can prevent the attack of SO₂ and water, the major deterioration agents in Yungang area. The multi-factor deterioration cycle experiments, including salt crystallization, freeze–thaw damage, wet–dry cycle and acid corrosion, also indicate that the smoked samples are less deteriorated and salt crystallization is the most severe damage to the sandstones.     

石质文物表面憎水性化学保护的副作用研究

根据最小干预和不影响文物原貌的原则,使用表面化学防护和化学加固等保护材料被认为是保护石质文物的有效方法。目前,已试用于石质文物表面保护的化学材料主要是有机硅等有机化合物。这些有机材料能起到一定的防水和加固作用,但是也潜在不少问题,一些可能的危害目前还没有引起人们足够的重视。本工作以通用有机硅类防水加固剂为表面保护材料,以砂岩、凝灰岩、白云岩、大理岩和花岗岩为保护对象,模拟各种破坏因素,包括干湿循环、盐结晶、冻融和加热等的作用和联合作用,研究了表面化学处理后岩石样品在模拟环境中的变化情况,发现破坏现象严重。其中,化学保护剂在石材表层产生的亲水/憎水界面导致石材受某些应力的加速破坏是重要原因。上述研究结果提示,在石质文物的保护中应慎重使用憎水性表面化学保护剂。     

3D Digital Documentation,Assessment, and Damage Quantifi cation of the Al-Deir Monument in the Ancient City of Petra,Jordan

Abstract

The rock-cut monuments in the ancient city of Petra in Jordan form an outstanding tangible heritage site. Unfortunately, this important part of the world's cultural heritage is gradually being diminished due to weathering and erosion problems. In this research, an approach combining in situ surveying and laboratory analysis is applied in order to provide sufficient and comprehensive data regarding the documentation and evaluation of the status of the Al-Deir monument in Petra. The purpose was not only to quantify the damage, but also to make a first step towards creating a 3D monitoring programme of the deterioration rate. The approach presents a correlation study between the environmental condition and the surface weathering damage, using 2D mapping of the weathering form and accurate 3D realistic modelling from laser scanning and digital photogrammetry. The 2D mapping provides detailed weathering damage information for the entire stone surface of the monument, whereas the 3D modelling provides information on the spatial distribution and texture of the damage. Additionally, the 3D digital model can provide reference data as an exact guide to the restoration needed. In order to support the visual presentation of 3D surface details, a hybrid approach combining data from laser scanning and digital imagery was developed.

Studies of stone texture and spatial distribution of soluble salts were carried out at the monument in order to explain the mechanism of the weathering problem. Relative humidity, temperature, and wind are the main factors in the salt damage process. In order to study the effect of these conditions in the salt crystallization process a series of fieldwork investigations and laboratory work were undertaken. The results show that visible zoning of weathering damage is correlated to different salt concentrations.     

大气污染对南响堂石窟石雕表面风化的影响

为了讨论南响堂地区大气污染对石雕表面风化的影响,本工作在对石窟附近四个监测站所测得的近几年大气中各项指数进行分析的基础上,对石雕表面风化壳做了扫描电子显微镜测试,同时分析了表面风化的形成机理,认为该区大气污染是石雕表面风化进程加快的主要因素。因此,该区大气污染的治理是保护南响堂石窟石雕的主要措施。     

黑龙江大兴安岭呼中北山洞遗址2016年发掘简报

2016年对北山洞遗址的发掘,共清理灰坑3座、灶址16处,出土陶器、石器、玉器等遗物1800余件。依据层位关系及出土遗物特征分析,该遗址可分为六个时期文化遗存。第一期文化遗存属旧石器时代晚期,石器加工包含石片工业和石叶工业两种类型,剥片技术以锤击法为主,工具加工多采用打制修理技术。第二至第五期文化遗存属新石器时代,石器加工以细石核、细石叶等细石器工艺为主,剥片技术包括锤击法和间接压制法,工具加工多采用较为精细的压制修理技术。第六期文化遗存应与早期鲜卑遗存有密切关系,年代为东汉时期。北山洞遗址的发掘对大兴安岭东麓山区考古学文化编年体系的构建在一定程度上具有填补空白的意义。     

茂陵石刻表面污染物和可溶盐的分析研究

为了厘清造成茂陵石刻文物劣化的原因和机理,对石刻表面的污染物和析出可溶盐进行了分析研究,以找出石刻文物劣化和污染物、可溶盐之间的关系,为制定科学有效的保护措施提供科学依据。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、傅里叶变换显微红外光谱仪(FTIR)等仪器对采集的茂陵石刻文物表面污染物和可溶盐进行了表征,用离子色谱(IC)分析了可溶盐的离子种类和含量。结果表明,“马踏匈奴”石刻雕像表面污染物的主要成分是CaSO4·2H2O,其形成原因是石材与空气污染物经长期化学反应形成的钙质结壳,或者是地下水中可溶盐的毛细运移造成的;“怪兽吃羊”石刻雕像表面析出的可溶盐有Na2SO4、NaNO3和CaSO4·2H2O,主要是由于地下水中可溶盐从砖石基座迁移到石刻文物本体,随温湿度变化反复结晶溶解所造成。可溶盐会引起石质文物表面酥粉、片状剥落、内部结构破坏等侵蚀,是茂陵石刻文物的主要病害之一。     

First Investigations of In Situ Electrical Properties of Limestone Blocks of Ancient Monuments

In situ rapid electrostatic investigations on calcareous stones of monuments provide information that strongly correlates with the geological characteristics of the stone and proves to be efficient for provenance identification and successive restoration. With a portable device, it is now possible to scan several thousand blocks on a face of a monument in a few hours. The evolution of the religious building construction practices between the 13th and the 17th centuries is studied. From the petrophysics point of view, the results clearly indicate a marked linear correlation between electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity. This fact, which agrees with Maxwell–Wagner polarization modelling, confirms the part played by the clay content in the electric properties of the dry carbonate rocks constituting the monument stones. A first test using X‐ray scattering analysis shows the part played by the relative content of illite, which is correlated with a decrease of the resistivity.     

北方地区史前时期石城聚落墙体建造技术研究

在新石器时代和青铜时代中国北方地区发现大量防御性的石城聚落,其石砌技术作为北方地区独特的建筑方式,具有区域性、传承性和多元性等特征。归纳起来有石砌矮墙、护坡式石墙、直立式石墙、石砌包台、堑山砌石和分段砌筑等技术。其形成的原因与不同区域出现的年代差异、石材资源的构成和地形地貌等方面有关。     

彭城禅石悟道人——记徐州藏石家金山

To collect stones is an ancient folk custom in Xu Zhou, where there are many stone collectors of great achievements. Mr. Jin Shan is one of them. Having a deep love for stone and seizing opportunities for stone collecting, he made a large collection. The stones that he collects have profound cultural contents and are helpful for spiritual cultivation.     

更喜高楼明月夜 悠然把酒对西山 赏石大家米万钟

米万钟（1570～1628年）,字仲诏、子愿,号友石、湛园、文石居士、勺海亭长、海淀渔长、研山山长、石隐庵居士,原籍陕西安化,后迁顺天。米万钟为万历二十三年（1595年）进士,曾历官永宁、铜梁、六合县令、太仆少卿、江西安察使等职。米万钟作为著名的书画家,工翰墨,善画山水、花卉,     

云冈石窟顶部土层水盐分布特征研究

可溶盐是石质文物风化的重要原因,其聚集、运移与水密不可分。石窟顶部土层中的盐是云冈石质文物内部盐分的重要来源,因而研究石窟顶部土层中的水盐分布特征对未来减小可溶盐在石质文物内部的聚集具有十分重要的意义。本研究对云冈石窟顶部不同位置、不同深度土层的饱和渗透系数、含水率、孔隙比、可溶盐含量进行了系统的分析测试,并结合取土位置的坡度和植被覆盖率,研究了云冈石窟顶部土层中水盐分布特征。结果表明:植被覆盖率越高,土体含水量越高;坡度越大,土体含水率越低;土体孔隙比与饱和渗透系数呈线性关系。植被覆盖率、坡度及土体的渗透性能是影响石窟顶部土层水盐分布的主要原因。     

Study on the lithology of stone chimes (stone musical instruments in ancient China) and Lingbi stone

The oldest extant musical instruments in the world are stone chimes. This music was created by the ‘eight tones’ that could be produced by these ‘stone’ voices. Although many of these stone chimes have been unearthed from sites predating the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, their discussion in archaeological reports is usually not very thorough. In this paper, the ancient and modern samples are analysed from the point of view of lithology. The aim is to explore how the ancients chose to make these stones, and to check that the type of stone from which these ancient Chinese stone chimes are made is actually those recorded in previous studies. The results show that most of the ancient stone chimes in China are made of limestone. These chimes required a material with a single, homogeneous and compact mineral composition. Lingbi chimes (a kind of ‘lithophone’ produced in Lingbi county, China, are pure in composition and have a fine microcrystalline structure, which is the best choice for making stone chimes. This paper makes a systematic study of the lithology of Chinese stone chimes. The results supplement a significant lacuna in the study of ‘lithophone’ and ancient stone instruments both in China and on a more global scale.     

硅酸酯低聚体在石材保护中的应用研究

石质文物是中华民族的灿烂文明,是无价的不可再生的文化遗产和旅游资源,对其进行必要的保护势在必行。现阶段封护材料主要是有机高分子和一些在位聚合低聚体材料,高分子封护剂由于渗透性差、固化应力大等原因应用已被限制,低聚体以其良好的渗透性,无固化应力,与石材相容性好等原因受到更多的应用。研究了一类以甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTEOS)、正硅酸乙酯等为单体、溶液缩聚的硅酸酯低聚体石质文物封护材料。探讨了单体用量对硅酸酯封护材料性能的影响,进行了硅酸酯封护材料的附着力、憎水性、透气性、耐可溶性盐、耐酸碱老化以及耐紫外光老化等分析测试,还进行了红外、扫描电镜等分析。通过试验分析表明,聚合过程中,MTEOS用量控制在40%(wt)时附着力及接触角达到最佳。封护后试样的耐酸碱性、耐可溶性盐、耐紫外光、透气性和抗冻融性均有不同程度的提高,结果表明研究的硅酸酯低聚体材料能够满足石质文物的封护要求。     

浑江流域(2007年)发现的石器研究

吉林集安头道南台子南遗址和北屯孤山遗址发现于2007年,均位于集安市西北部。头道南台子南遗址发现石制品47件,包括石核、石片、石锤、石斧、刮削器等。孤山遗址发现石制品29件,包括石核、石斧、石刀、石锤、刮削器、尖状器等。原料均以凝灰岩为主,还有角岩、石英、砂岩、板岩等。石制品的原生层位全部被破坏,皆为采集。石制品在继承集安地区石制品传统基础上又有所突破。根据石制品特点分析,遗址的年代应为旧石器时代晚期至新石器时代。     

MEGALITH SIZE AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY,WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CUMBRIA,NORTH‐WEST ENGLAND

The possibility that a comparison of the size of all stones in megalithic monuments might contribute to an understanding of the societies which built them is explored. Although a number of interpretational problems are recognized, the results appear meaningful. They show that there is no simple relationship between the diameter of a stone circle and the numbers of people involved in its construction, and that larger numbers contributed to the erection of some individual standing stones. Previous suggestions that individual families consisted of four to five active adults are supported.     

内蒙古敖汉旗榆树山、西梁遗址出土遗物综述

1988年中国社会科学院考古研究所内蒙古工作队发掘了敖汉旗孟克河右岸的榆树山和西梁(千斤营子)两个遗址.所出遗物与兴隆洼文化同类器相比,筒形陶罐与之相差较大,石器、骨器中有许多相同的器物,如石锄、石刃骨鱼镖等.西梁遗址所出的钻孔石器和环状器很有特色.艺术品中陶塑人头像和骨笛令人瞩目.根据其碳-14数据测定,两处遗址年代均为距今5000年以前.     

帕勒莫石碑及其学术价值

帕勒莫石碑是古代埃及已知最早的王室年鉴。它还有其他6个版本。它们来自于两块不同的石碑。帕勒莫石碑的书写年代是古王国时期,是埃及人为神庙而刻写的,是他们祖先崇拜的一项重要内容。石碑关于埃及前5个王朝的记述不能被用来重建埃及早期历史,它只是揭示了埃及早期王权思想,即国王的行政职能和宗教职能。     

南阳汉画像石的档案学价值

汉画像石涵盖了汉代政治、经济、民俗、社会生产、思想、文化艺术等多方面内容,是一种独特的档案载体。南阳是画像石的重要产区,不仅可以补史书之阙,而且重现了汉代的社会生活和民俗,直观展示了汉代文化艺术,具有重要的档案学价值。同其他画像石产区相比,南阳最早把画像石作为一种石刻档案进行建馆保存,南阳画像石中神话、升天、天文题材的画像比较丰富,具有独特的档案学价值。     

Kinetics of Stone Degradation of the Castle of Chambord in France

A multidisciplinary approach combining scientific and historical data is developed in order to identify the environmental factors that cause degradation of stones and to attempt to date the onset of degradation and assess the time needed for its development. The method is applied to the Castle of Chambord, a prestigious monument in the Loire Valley in France. The genesis of the two main types of degradation (spalling and flaking) and the kinetics of their development are identified and analysed. The correlation between the different mappings and iconographic documents reveal that flaking develops on any type of fine limestone and can appear less than 60 years after the stone is placed on the castle for Richemont limestone, and less than 10 years for tuffeau. The other main type of degradation, spalling, is limited to tuffeau, but it is more difficult to quantify the kinetics of its development.     

石质文物病害机理研究

导致石质文物产生病害的因素很多,其中近年来日益加剧的环境污染带来的病害加速问题引起文物保护工作者的广泛关注。精确的病害诊断是文物保护的先决条件,因此,多学科综合研究和新技术不断引进到病害机理研究方面。对各种可能的病害原因从最初的定性分析逐渐转变到定量模拟分析方面。目前,石质文物病害研究从地质勘察、室内试验、现场试验等各个方面展开,但是由于各个试验条件不同,会出现不一致,甚至相悖的结论。在对石质文物病害的研究现状进行了总结后,认为试验体系标准的制定可以使得文物保护工作者的研究具有可比性,从而可以得出较具一般性的结论,这也是进行病害机理研究的基础。由于文物完整性保护的特殊要求,无损检测技术的发展及检测结果的判定是整个的试验体系中一个重要方面。同时,由于室内实验存在时间及尺寸等比例效应问题,室外长期观测试验应是今后的研究方向。最终将病害严重程度及发展趋势的判定和有效预防发展成为一个科学体系。