A SPATIAL COMPETITION APPROACH TO CENTRAL PLACE THEORY: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES*

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the potential offered by the model of spatial competition for the study of central place theory. We consider n firms selling m substitutable or complementary goods to a continuum of consumers evenly distributed along a linear segment. Consumers have the same income and the same utility function which is quadratic in the goods supplied by the firms and linear in the numeraire. The main results are as follows. (1) In any location equilibrium in which all goods are consumed everywhere, each good supplied by a single firm is sold at the market center. In Christaller's terminology, this means that when the exhaustive principle holds in equilibrium, highest-order goods are made available at the center. (2) When all goods (excluding the numéraire) are complements to each other and each good is sold by a single firm, there always exists an equilibrium in which all the firms locate coincidentally. (3) If the stores selling a given good are under the control of a single owner then, in any equilibrium for which the exhaustive principle holds, the stores are located in a way such that the total transport cost (borne by consumers) is minimized.     

文化旅游区游客涉入对地方依恋的影响测评

本文从游客涉入和地方依恋的维度层次出发,构建游客涉入对地方依恋的影响模型,以徐州汉文化旅游区为案例地,运用结构方程模型方法分析了文化旅游区游客涉入与地方依恋的结构性关系。研究结果显示,游客涉入对地方依恋有显著影响,具体表现为重要/象征性维度显著正向影响地方依赖;愉悦性维度显著正向影响地方依赖和地方认同;风险性维度显著负向影响地方依赖。地方依恋两维度间的关系也被证实为地方认同显著正向影响地方依赖。     

Spatial segregation and urban structure

In this paper, we develop a model of spatial segregation mediated by competitive land prices. Agents of two groups consume city land and benefit from social interactions. Because of cultural or ethnic differences, intragroup interactions are more frequent than intergroup ones. When group sizes differ, population groups sort into distinct neighborhoods. We characterize two‐ and three‐district urban structures. For high population ratios or strong intergroup interactions, only a three‐district city exists. In other cases, multiplicity of equilibria arises. Both groups generally rank these equilibria differently. However, when group sizes are similar, all individuals agree on which spatial equilibrium is best.     

音乐景观意象对游客地方依恋的影响研究——以厦门鼓浪屿为例

本研究以典型特殊地方“音乐之岛”鼓浪屿上的音乐景观这类非单一知觉类型的特殊文化景观为研究对象,运用验证性因子分析及结构方程模型探讨音乐景观意象的知觉形成过程及其对地方依恋和满意度的作用,并运用耦合度模型进行音乐景观意象内部要素关系的探索。结果显示：①音乐文化景观意象存在“审美意义理解”、“功能涉入体验”、“音律情感评价”三个重要维度,并且已经到达比较高的耦合阶段;②三个维度间相互影响,共同协调提升,显著影响游客地方依恋,并提升游客满意度;③地方依恋在音乐文化景观意象的三个维度和满意度之间起到了显著的完全中介作用。     

Syrian refugee resettlement and the role of local immigration partnerships in Ontario,Canada

We examine Canada's recent Syrian Refugee Resettlement Initiative (SRRI) paying close attention to the resettlement role played by mid‐sized urban communities. We elaborate on a key policy dimension at work at this scale of action: local immigration partnerships (LIPs). We start with a very brief review of Canada's history of mass refugee resettlement. Second, we assess the policy of LIPs, particularly how they have been presented as a form of “place‐based policy,” and third, we offer an overview of the role the LIPs played in three case study communities (Hamilton, Ottawa, and Waterloo) during the SRRI. Finally, we present three overarching themes that emerged from our research in each of these communities: the importance of each community's history of immigration and refugee resettlement; the embeddedness of the LIP and its leadership in the local community; and how the positioning of each LIP relative to the three levels of government and its official Resettlement Assistance Program agreement holders impacted its ability to act. The history, location, and place characteristics of each community influenced the nature of intersectoral and intergovernmental relations in distinctive ways, and differentially shaped the effectiveness of each LIP's ability to contribute to the SRRI.     

Developing geographies of intersectionality with Relief Maps: reflections from youth research in Manresa,Catalonia

The conceptualisation of intersectionality has been one of the most important contributions to feminism, as it allows for theorisation about multiple and intersecting oppressions. This contributes to a more complex and dynamic understanding of social relations and power structures, and it acknowledges the differences between categories, but it has no methodological direction. I try to take this debate a step forward, by developing what I have called Relief Maps: a new way of collecting, analysing and displaying intersectional data. I consider Relief Maps to be a sound tool for studying the Geographies of Intersectionality, as they show the relationship between three dimensions: power structures (the social), lived experience (the psychological) and places (the geographical). By showing some examples of them, I demonstrate how Relief Maps make empirical work on intersectionality possible and how they are able to take into account both privilege and oppression without using categories in a fixed and rigid way. Taking the spatial dimension as a central part of the analysis, they show how the relationship between power structures varies depending on places and also illustrate how subject formations are done and undone through everyday spaces. Relief Maps aim to take the potentialities of intersectionality and minimise its limitations: they intend to disrupt homogeneous categories while pointing towards the material consequences of oppression. Finally, Relief Maps also provide some insights on intersectionality itself, as they help to think about how power structures relate to each other and the role that experience and place play in these processes.     

Introduction to Relations in Multicultural Fiji: The Dynamics of Articulations,Transformations and Positionings

Focussing on three historically constituted domains of relations of great importance to all inhabitants of the Fiji Islands, this essay draws attention to cultural modalities and political strategies implicated in shaping these. By way of introduction to six papers which together with this preface and an epilogue are presented in the form of a collection, we distinguish three domains of relations: those between past and present; those between people and land; and (not least) those between people. We argue that social actors in Fiji reflect on and deal with such relations in all of which they are simultaneously embodied, i.e. they articulate, transform and position these relations with a view to shaping their identity and place in today's multicultural (and indeed intercultural) Fiji. We conclude that there operates a complex of dialectical processes: while social actors work on relations that exert influence on them, there is also a dynamic in play between articulations, transformations and positionings of relations.     

旅游目的地游客感知价值的层次关系模型

顾客价值被认为是竞争优势的新来源,目前旅游领域游客感知价值研究多将感知价值的各维度置于同一层次,这样不利于对游客感知价值概念的深刻理解,也不利于旅游业界从操作层面上提升游客感知价值。本研究基于"途径-目的"理论,使用回归分析方法检验了目的地属性层的价值维度与结果层价值维度的关系。结果表明,旅游者对目的地属性层的价值感知显著影响对结果层的价值感知,其中,景观/环境和成本属性是影响中国旅游者体验结果的主导性因素。     

Exploring Spatial Patterns Using an Expanded Spatial Autocorrelation Framework

Spatial autocorrelation (SA) is regarded as an important dimension of spatial pattern. SA measures usually consist of two components: measuring the similarity of attribute values and defining the spatial relationships among observations. The latter component is often represented by a spatial weights matrix that predefines spatial relationship between observations in most measures. Therefore, SA measures, in essence, are measures of attribute similarity, conditioned by spatial relationship. Another dimension of spatial pattern can be explored by controlling observations to be compared based upon the degree of attribute similarity. The resulting measures are spatial proximity measures of observations, meeting predefined attribute similarity criteria. Proposed measures reflect degrees of clustering or dispersion for observations meeting certain levels of attribute similarity. An existing spatial autocorrelation framework is expanded to a general framework to evaluate spatial patterns and can accommodate the proposed approach measuring proximity. Analogous to the concept of variogram, clustergram is proposed to show the levels of spatial clustering over a range of attribute similarity, or attribute lags. Specific measures based on the proposed approach are formulated and applied to a hypothetical landscape and an empirical example, showing that these new measures capture spatial pattern information not reflected by traditional spatial autocorrelation measures.     

多尺度视角下饭店劳工移民地方感知与关系研究——以北京开元集团饭店为例

占据移民主体的劳工移民因涉及地方变迁与心理感知而成为地方感研究的重要对象。对于劳工移民而言,其所谋生的企业与城市间在感知判断中是否存在关联以及如何关联对探究其感知与行为特征等有着重要意义。以劳工移民汇聚地"北京"和集聚地"饭店"为案例,探究此背景下的地方感关系与路径。数据与结构模型分析表明:①在饭店与北京市两尺度中地方依赖均显著影响着地方依恋与认同,凸显了依赖这一功能性感知在地方感构建中的重要作用;②证实了饭店劳工移民的地方感在两尺度间存在关联,而且是以饭店地方依恋及北京地方依赖为关联维度;③得出了一种地方感由微观环境向宏观环境拓展的路径,由饭店地方依赖开始,至北京地方依恋与认同。     

Sample-specific (universal) metric approaches for determining the sex of immature human skeletal remains using permanent tooth dimensions

In this paper, three approaches for developing sample-specific sex determination methods of immature skeletal remains based on permanent tooth dimensions are proposed and tested using a sample of identified skeletons. The sample comprises adult and subadult individuals selected from the Lisbon documented skeletal collection, housed at the National Museum of Natural History in Lisbon, Portugal. Faciolingual and mesiodistal diameters were the tooth dimensions utilized. In the first approach, sex-specific logistic regression formulae based on adult tooth dimensions are developed and then used to determine the sex of the subadult sample. The second and third approaches are based on the sectioning point procedure, which uses the overall mean of a measurement (tooth diameter) collected from the sample as the discriminant criteria for determining the sex of the individuals in that sample. While in the second approach the adult overall mean of each dimension is used as the discriminant criteria for determining the sex of the subadults, in the third approach it is the subadult overall mean of each dimension that comprises the discriminant criteria that is applied back to the subadults for determining sex. Results show that the canines are the teeth with the highest sexual dimorphism and methods of sex determination based on canine dimensions provide correct allocation accuracies between 58.8% and 100% depending on the diameter and the approach that is being used. Canine faciolingual dimensions provide the best overall results. Combinations of measurements from the same and different teeth do not increase significantly the accuracy of the methods and approaches. Some of the problems of subadult sex determination methods based on adult tooth dimensions result from differing levels of sexual dimorphism between the adult and subadult segment of the sample. Mortality or cultural bias may increase or decrease the sexual dimorphism of the subadults compared to the adults. Small subadult samples utilized in this study may also raise questions regarding the accuracy of the three different sample-specific approaches. However, high consistency of results using the canine and different approaches, suggests that adult and subadult canine dimensions can be reliable sex discriminators of immature skeletal remains in archaeological samples. The major advantage of the approaches presented here is that they can be used to derive sample-specific methods and, therefore, eliminate the problem of applying morphological or metric methods to individuals originating from a population that differs from the one that contributed to the development of the method.     

Unfolding the relationship between resilient firms and the region

ABSTRACT

This research explores organizational resilience in four manufacturing firms in four different regions of Norway. While regional resilience has gained attention in research, there have been few studies with a micro-level focus, investigating firms and their distinctive features of resilience. We chose a qualitative multiple-case study approach and employed a critical incident technique to study resilience in selected firms that had experienced external shocks and shifts in regard to changing markets, globalization and advances in technology. Each, however, had managed to continually develop resilience capacity over time. Our framework considered three dimensions of organizational resilience: the cognitive, the behavioural and the contextual. We address how resilience is sustained over time, the evolutionary nature of organizational resilience in firms and how resilient firms relate to the region. We found that all three dimensions of resilience capacity were evident in each firm, but appeared as a complex and unique blend. Furthermore, each dimension was supported by regional ties and affiliations. The findings suggest that organizational resilience is a dynamic capability conditioned by firm–region interactions, which are cultural, social and economic. Regional resilience is built through the contribution of the firm to the economic and social systems of the region.     

交通投资与经济发展的关系及其区域效应评价方法研究

交通投资与经济发展的内在关系一直没有公认的结论。大家普遍同意交通条件是经济发展的重要支撑要素之一。交通投资只有在生产条件充足的情况下,才会促进经济发展。但交通投资并不是越多越好,而是必须与生产投资保持适当比例。交通投资对交通条件改善的区域影响较为复杂,不同的范围有不同的影响。通达性是目前进行交通网络影响评价最为常用的手段。通达性指标有时间通达性、经济潜能和日通达性。不同的通达性指标从不同的角度对交通网络区域效应进行评价。本旨在对我国主要交通设施区域影响的评价研究起抛砖引玉的作用。     

关于“乡愁”的空间道德和地方道德评价

乡愁涉及空间和地方,且与人之情感密切关联,故关于乡愁的研究与地理学密切相关。文化的重要功能之一就是指引人们的空间实践。文化地理学的任务之一则是从文化上理解和评判空间和地方的现象。本文分析立场是人文主义地理学,以及由之派生的道德地理学。本文从空间和地方两个维度分析乡愁的背后的道德,并列举了较为成功的乡愁实践案例。归纳出的结论有三:第一,乡愁的道德具有大小、距离、移动性的空间维度。第二,乡愁的道德具有身体层面、经验层面和社会建构层面的地方性质。第三,无论是空间道德评价还是地方道德评价,都在回答对自己、对他者、对自然的态度,在评判留住乡愁的空间规划实践是否"合理"。本文最后提出了文化地理学关于乡愁空间道德和地方道德的分析框架,以供读者讨论。     

ZONING A CROSS‐BORDER CITY

This paper investigates zoning in a cross‐border linear city that consists of two bordering towns. In each town, a local regulator has a say in the location of the local firm. We find that local regulators may use zoning strategically. The incentive to gain consumers from the other town, or not to lose local consumers, may push regulators to approve only locations for firms close enough to the frontier. When zoning is costly an asymmetric equilibrium may emerge: only one regulator resorts to zoning. In the case of towns of different sizes, the regulator of the larger town is the only one that zones in an asymmetric equilibrium.     

SPATIAL PRICE COMPETITION WITH CONSUIMERS ON A PLANE,AT INTERSECTIONS,AND ALONG MAIN ROADWAYS*

ABSTRACT. This paper examines two-dimensional price competition on a plane, with a block metric and a square grid of main roadways. One store is located at each intersection of main roadways. Consumer locations include a uniform distribution over the plane, linear concentrations along main roadways, and point concentrations at intersections. Bertrmd-Nash mill price competition is examined first. The equilibrium price depends on the relative numbers of consumers in the three types of locations (and on travel costs per mile and the spacing between stores). If too many consumers are in each point concentration, then the price equilibrium is undermined by a high-price strategy or by mill-price undercutting. Spatial competition with price discrimination is examined next, and compared to Bertrand-Nash mill price competition.     

大学生的地方依恋特征与形成机制——基于南京仙林大学城的调查

大学城生活主体大学生与之是否存在积极的关系,对大学城的发展具有重要意义。本文选择地方依恋理论,对南京仙林大学城进行实证研究。构建了大学生地方依恋维度模型,运用结构方程模型加以验证和修正,发现大学生的地方依恋具有地方认同、功能依赖和情感依赖三个维度特征,地方依恋进一步有助于地方根植性形成。其中,大学生的功能依赖对地方依恋作用为负。总体上,仙林大学生的地方依恋处于由地方认同到地方依赖的过渡阶段。本研究为近年来中国涌现的大学城建设热提供一种自下而上的评判视角。     

Connecting Municipal and Regional Level Planning: Analysis and Visualization of Sustainability Indicators in Bergslagen,Sweden

Sustainable development as a process towards sustainability requires collaboration among societal actors and stakeholders at multiple levels. A key issue is to provide them with that they have comprehensive and transparent knowledge base representing the state and trends of different dimensions of sustainability. This study addresses the need to analyse and present data of sustainability as a foundation for the sustainable development process within municipalities, and among them. As a case study, we focus on 18 municipalities in the crisis-struck Bergslagen region in Sweden and compare them with 101 surrounding municipalities. Data from 2001 and 2006 on 15 indicators representing ecological, economic and social sustainability criteria were transformed to a common scale through normalization around the median, and summarized. Bergslagen region municipalities performed poorer than the surrounding ones for all dimensions in 2006. The change from 2001 to 2006 was positive for economic and social criteria, while the ecological dimension developed negatively in all municipalities. We stress the need for municipalities to collaborate with each other and other actors both at municipal and regional levels, and to use sustainability indicators as a base for informed planning processes. We propose visualization of indicators using maps to support decision-making and social learning.     

The Importance of the Distribution of Consumers in Horizontal Product Differentiation

This paper examines the importance of the distribution of consumers in Hotelling's circle on the comparison between the optimal and the market equilibrium levels of diversity. It finds that when most consumers are located very close to the firms, the result of Salop—that the equilibrium number of firms is larger than the optimal one (surplus maximizing)—can be reversed.     

国家地质公园品牌个性对游客行为意图的影响——以陕西翠华山国家地质公园为例

国家地质公园品牌个性的构成及其对游客行为的影响研究还处于浅层次发展阶段。为此,本研究基于前期成果,采取"审视-批判-借鉴-验证"的研究思路,以陕西翠华山国家地质公园为实证调查地,探索国家地质公园品牌个性对游客行为意图的影响,为此本文两次构建结构方程模型,以期获得更为深入的研究结论研究。结果显示:①已有研究的国家地质公园品牌个性维度命名存在一定的偏差,通过纠正检验,得知国家地质公园品牌个性整体构成对游客行为意图存在正向显著影响;②国家地质公园品牌个性各维度对游客行为意图的影响具有明显的异质性特征,维度中景观呈现特征与审美体验特征对游客行为意图具有正向影响,而科学探究特征对游客行为意图影响不显著。