火柴非“洋火”

近代中国,洋货大量输入,许多都被冠以“洋”字,与千家万户有着密切联系的火柴则被称为“洋火”。然而,可能很多人不知道的是,火柴最早是由中国人发明的。     

民国火柴大王刘鸿生

“工人是我们当老板的衣食父母”,这话出自新中国建国前的资本家刘鸿生之口。今天,资本家（或曰民营企业家）又为鳖不少了,但能如刘氏这样对工人者,多乎？     

试述东北沦陷前后黑龙江的火柴业

本文依据档案资料,阐述了黑龙江省火柴业的发展历程,同时也揭示了日本侵略者对中国实行经济侵略无孔不入,连火柴业也不放过的罪恶行径。     

试述东北论陷前后黑龙江的火柴业

本文依据档案资料,阐述了黑龙江省火柴业的发展历程,同时也揭示了日本侵略者对中国实行经济侵略无孔不入,连火柴业也不放过的罪恶行径。     

中国近代企业家的文化类性与精神境界

中国近代企业家的文化类性与精神境界马俊亚在中国近代企业活动中,从盲目的投资经营者,到通晓经营管理的企业家,无疑存在着素质上的差别;而从寻常的企业家,到泰山北斗式的企业巨擘,则更有着精神与素质两方面的差异。１９世纪后半期,中国懂得经营管理的企业家多来自...     

肥皂大战：国货打败跨国公司

民国年间,围绕不起眼的肥皂爆发了一场大商战。交战的一方是世界级托拉斯、英国利华兄弟公司（即今天的联合利华公司）,另一方则是刚刚发展起来的中国民族医药企业五洲大药房。     

从英美烟公司广告看近代外国企业的本土化意识

近代驻华英美烟公司的产品广告在网络建设、文化认同以及把握国人心理特征等方面成功地完成了与中国商业文化的融合及其自身广告理念的跨文化转变,它所具有的本土化意识在近代外国在华企业中极具代表性。英美烟公司成功的本土化广告案例表明,本土化经营策略是近代外国在华企业有效利用中国传统社会资源降低社会经营成本的重要因素和必然选择。     

张謇与近代化大农业的产生

20世纪初,以江苏著名的民族资本企业家张謇为代表的中国现代化事业的先行者们,引进西方资本主义经营模式,在江苏苏北沿海地区进行资本主义大农业经营,创造性地建立了公司加佃户(农户)的经营方式,并将这种方式纳入了近代大工业主导的资本主义市场经济体系,形成了具有现代意义的农工商一体化格局,在近代中国第一次成功地将传统小农推向了现代大市场。     

刘鸿生：中国人的“托拉斯”之梦

他从最底层的煤炭推销员做起、十年间便从一个一无所有的贫寒学生变成百万富翁;他把钱投资在各种各样的行业中,成了“火柴大王”、“煤炭大王”、“呢绒大王”乃至“企业大王”他的发迹史是20世纪二三十年代上海滩近几乎完美的个人奋斗史,他就是“最像商人的商人”刘鸿生。     

浅析外国在华企业工人生存状况——以创办初期的英美烟公司(1902—1927)为例

近代以来,中国工人阶级的生存状态非常恶劣,外资企业里这种情况更加严重。作为近代中国最大的外资烟草企业——英美烟公司在这方面更具代表性。本文拟将从工人的生活状况,公司对工人的控制管理情况以及工人与公司的斗争这三方面入手,呈现出当时工人真实的生存环境,分析造成这种情况的多方面原因。     

海贸与移民互动:17-18世纪闽南人移民海外原因分析--以闽南人移民台湾为例

17-18世纪是闽南人海外移民的高潮时期,也是台湾移民社会形成和发展时期.台湾移民以闽南人为主,可说是闽南社会在海峡对岸的延伸.推动闽南人移民海外的内因是明中叶以来的人口压力,而16世纪中叶欧人东来以后带动的商贸和东亚、东南亚沿海地区的开发使对中国商贩和劳力的需求大增,则是吸引闽南移民的拉力.在整个17-18世纪,始终存在着华人海上商贸和海外移民的互动.闽南人冒险、重商的人文精神,则是使这种推力与拉力作用得以实现的主观原因.17世纪20年代以来,由泉籍郑氏集团主导的海外华商网络和台湾开发则是台湾泉籍人多于漳籍人和泉籍人主导台湾商贸的主要原因,这与17-18世纪海外华商网络和华人社会以闽南人为主、闽南籍者又以泉府人居多是相一致的.     

The Levant Company under Attack in Parliament, 1720–53

Parliamentary debates concerning the British chartered companies in the 18th century are an important resource which can provide a range of insights into the fate of the companies, the concerns of British economic policy, and the process of political decision making on economic issues. Of all the parliamentary debates concerning chartered companies in the 18th century, those concerning the Levant Company have received the least scholarly attention. This article examines a series of debates involving the Levant Company during the period 1720–53. These debates saw the company increasingly put on the defensive. By the middle of the century, there was, in the words of the duke of Bedford, ‘a very great outcry against companies of all kinds’. However, the debates concerning the Levant Company did not turn on competing views regarding political economy. War was an influence on the timing of the debates, but it was the economic impact of the company's deteriorating competitive position on its woollen cloth suppliers from the west country which was crucial. As French competition gained momentum, cloth exports fell and the political pressure on the company intensified. In the face of this, the company was far from defenceless in parliament. It had influential supporters and did not hesitate to pander to fears about the potential domination of its trade by jewish merchants. The company was forced to lower its admission fee in 1753, but survived and continued to operate into the 19th century.     

俄罗斯华侨华人与俄联邦的移民政策

20世纪末, 伴随着中俄改革的大潮, 大批中国人涌向了俄罗斯, 形成了一个不小的华侨华人群体, 他们为中俄两国的文化交流、贸易往来和经济发展做出了巨大贡献。本文试图求本溯源, 客观地去认识自17世纪中叶以来华侨华人在俄苏的历史, 揭示、反思新一代华侨华人在俄国的生存发展状态和社会历史背景及他们在俄罗斯各国移民中的地位, 分析不同阶层的俄罗斯人对华侨华人的不同看法和态度及俄罗斯联邦政府十多年来移民机构、移民政策的发展变化, 特别是针对中国人的政策变化, 以探讨在新的历史条件下, 华侨华人如何在俄罗斯这片热土上更好地发展, 从而为促进中俄两国人民的睦邻友好、加快两国的经济建设步伐做出更大贡献。     

17-19世纪中叶暹罗对外贸易中的华人

选择17至19世纪中叶暹罗对外贸易中的华人作为研究对象,分不同阶段,对其在暹罗的对外贸易活动进行了描述,对暹罗华人在暹罗对外贸易中的角色和作用进行了探讨。由此得出结论,华人在暹罗对外贸易中,利用其自身优势,逐渐成为主要参与者和经营者。他们通过对外贸易活动,发展了自己的商业,积累了财富,同时满足了暹罗王室对海外贸易的需求,享受到国王赐与的特权,为其在暹罗事业的发展打下基础。     

清代广州外销画中的瓷器烧造图研究——以瑞典隆德大学图书馆收藏为例

瑞典隆德大学(Lund University)图书馆收藏的一套50幅的中国瓷器烧造图,是18世纪上半期绘制于广州的早期外销画作品,由瑞典东印度公司首任大班坎贝尔从广州购回,是目前所知的数量最多的一套瓷器烧造图。这套广州外销画的早期图册,为我们了解早期外销画的发展、早期中瑞贸易史、瑞典早期远东科学考察史以及中国瓷器生产史,提供了非常珍贵的图像资料,其历史价值和文化价值值得肯定。     

18世纪末—20世纪初中国制瓷业的衰落:一个全球的视角

欧洲的扩张一方面促成了全球规模的产品市场,对中国制瓷业形成了需求冲击,进而成就了中国制瓷业近300年的黄金时代;另一方面,欧洲国家还施行了武装贸易和重商主义,这给欧洲制瓷业的发展提供了市场、技术和政策支持,促使欧洲制瓷业迅速发展。也正是藉此欧洲制瓷业在与中国制瓷业的竞争中逐渐取得优势。最终华瓷市场的丧失导致中国制瓷业利润微薄,瓷商相继破产,曾经为中国带来无数利润和荣耀的制瓷业就此衰落。     

16世纪后期英国的外贸公司及其历史作用

16世纪后期的英国,资本主义生产关系已初步形成,工农业生产得到一定程度的发展,呢绒成为英国重要的出口商品。都铎政府采取重商政策,鼓励商品出口。在此背景下,对外贸易公司纷纷成立。这些贸易公司除了在其垄断地区进行正常贸易外,同时从事地理发现和海上掠夺,并代表政府进行外交活动。外贸公司的活动,促进了英国工业的发展,对英国当时和后来的经济发展产生了深远的影响。这一时期出现的外贸合股公司这一组织形式,成为英国17世纪对北美洲和印度实行殖民占领和统治的过渡的组织形式。外贸合股公司为不列颠殖民帝国的创建做出了不可磨灭的贡献。     

Chemical Analysis of 17th‐century Red Glass Trade Beads from Northeastern North America and Amsterdam

Seventeenth‐century opaque red (redwood) glass trade beads of different shapes and sizes were made of mixed alkali (mainly soda)–lime glasses and were coloured with Cu, presumably as cuprous oxide or as finely dispersed elemental Cu. During the early 17th century, beads of all shapes were opacified with Sn; cored beads, with uncoloured cores and hence lower Cu levels, also tended to have slightly lower Sn contents than uncored beads. By the mid‐17th century, cored tubular beads were being opacified with a combination of Sn and Sb, a technological change similar to that observed in white glass trade beads, while uncored redwood beads appear not to have been opacified with either Sn or Sb. Bead chemistries are sufficiently different to allow them to be sorted into subgroups, which may then be tracked in various archaeological sites and regions.     

The Lead Ingots from the Wreck of the Zuiddorp (1712), Western Australia: a report on their provenance and manufacture

The Dutch United East India Company ship Zuiddorp vanished on its way to Batavia in 1712 – its last port of call was the Cape of Good Hope. After its wreck was found on the Western Australian coast, archaeological investigations resulted in the retrieval of 21 lead ingots. Recent study of this artefact assemblage, comprising both great pigs and pieces, suggests that they were of north English origin. Historical records indicate that the Dutch procured large quantities of lead from English sources and maritime trade links between English and Dutch ports were well established at the beginning of the 18th century. © 2012 The Authors     

The Roles of Tea and Opium in Early Economic Globalization: A Perspective on China’s Crisis in the 19th Century

Alongside military conquest which characterized great part of globalization during the 19th century, the globalization of markets no doubt was its main manifestation. Addictive consumption goods played a leading role during this process, as observed in the case of China, tea and the opium trade had the largest impact. Owing to the importance of Britain’s growing demand for tea and its concomitant tax revenue, Anglo-Chinese trade became the dominant trade that Britain had in the East. To make up the trade deficit with China, Britain took advantage of its Indian colony and did its best in expanding its opium trade. Within this triangular trade scheme, Britain was the master, India was the instrument, and China was the ultimate victim. Confronted by the irresistible trend of globalization, China was ill prepared when facing this challenge leading to a complete failure in both military and commercial warfare and later on to an overall crisis in the 19th century.