Congress and Back Seat Driving

Few pieces of legislation in the realm of foreign policy decisionmaking have greater potential effect or are more controversial than the War Powers Resolution. The Resolution was intended originally to create greater leverage for Congress over executive use of military force. In this effort, it is widely believed that the Resolution has been ineffective. This paper uses an information theoretic model to examine the War Powers Resolution. Results of the modeling process allow for two general assertions. First, the model suggests that the Resolution is an optimal choice of procedure by the legislature. In other words, the War Powers Resolution is better for Congress than its alternatives. Second, the information theoretic approach used here seems to coincide with an anecdotal history of the war powers debate better than do alternative explanations. Indeed, the analysis helps to explain why war powers legislation was not considered seriously sooner. Though criticism of the War Powers Resolution has its merits, claims for a variety of alternative procedural systems may be open to challenge. Those wishing to establish mechanisms for curtailing executive adventurism abroad may find it more rewarding to focus efforts on the budgeting process or on the reduction of military force structures.     

黑龙江将军驻地迁移新谈

清代黑龙江将军初驻黑龙江左岸的瑷珲旧城,续迁黑龙江城、墨尔根城及齐齐哈尔城.这3次迁移备受后人指责.雍正初年,黑龙江将军驻地得到了第四次迁移机会,但在黑龙江将军陈泰的反对下,雍正皇帝放弃了第四次迁移黑龙江将军驻地的计划.     

秦汉时期西县故城治所考略

秦汉时期西县故城具体治所何在,一直为学术界争陈,迄今未有定论。本文结合考古资料和有关文献,对秦汉时期西县故城治所进行了考证。     

夏都“河南”在偃师

目前不少学者认为二里头遗址就是史书上记载的斟寻,而此种观点与考古实际和文献记载均不相符.依据相关文献和考古资料,二里头遗址应为夏代晚期的都城"河南"而非斟寻,"河南"与阳城、阳翟、斟寻、原等相比较,是夏王朝延续时间最长的一处国都.     

成纪县治迁徙讨论

对于成纪数度南迁之史实,学界是公认的,但有关南迁的一些细节问题,学界一直争论不休,通过对一些关键史料的剖析,我们可得出这样的结论：成纪自汉建县,前后四迁至今天水市城区,今甘肃静宁治平川迁至仁大川是第一迁,俱在成纪水河谷,时在东汉以后;西魏废戍纪县,北用在今甘肃秦安之安伏川重置成纪,此是第二迁;唐开元二十二年大地震成纪再迁显亲川之金城里,即今秦安县叶堡乡金城村,此是第三迁;天宝之后的某年盖吐蕃统治之时再南迁至今甘肃天水市城区,为秦州治,此是第四迁。     

汉苍梧郡治再考

汉代苍梧郡暨广信县治所向来有"广西梧州说"、"广东封开说"两种观点。"广西梧州说"具有充足的文献及考古学依据,而"广东封开说"所举之汉宋间文献资料以及利羊墩遗址、马王堆"地形图"等考古材料均为误用,不足为据。故应以"广西梧州说"为准。     

唐代崖州治所考

关于唐代崖州治所,《通典》等全国性史志皆明确记载在舍城县,正德《琼台志》等海南旧志则认为在颜城县。孰是孰非?因从来无人进行考证和评断,以至两说长期并存。现经深入考证,所得结论是“舍城说”所言为是,“颜城说”完全错误。至于唐崖州治故址,在今海口市琼山区府城东南三十里龙塘镇的珠崖岭上。     

秦内史置县研究

对于秦县的研究,恩师史念海曾在上世纪30年代写过一篇《秦县考》。从此后很少有人问津,之所以如此,是由于史料缺乏,随着近些年关于秦县考古资料的不断发现,才使对这一问题的进一步研究成为可能。本文仅就秦在内史地区的置县加以研究,作为对先生文章的补充。并以此文作为对先生辞世三周年的沉痛悼念。     

华北人民政府领导机关平山驻地变化考述

1948年8月,华北临时人民代表大会在石家庄召开,会议决定合并晋察冀边区行政委员会与晋冀鲁豫边区政府,成立华北人民政府.华北人民政府存在期间,在中共中央及华北局的领导下,根据施政方针,调动一切人力、物力、财力完成了华北区的统一和支援全国解放战争的繁重任务.平、津等大城市解放后,有计划、有步骤地进行了城市接管、政权建设、社会治安、工农业生产和文化教育卫生等各方面的工作.     

印石纵有千面种类 寿山依旧首选之材

用石料篆刻,有认为自元代王冕（1310—1359年）始,黄宾虹（1865—1955年）在《古印概论》说：“会稽王冕,自号煮石山农,创用青田花乳,刻成石章。又有寿山石,出闽之侯官县,亦发明于元明之间。”当然,更多的则认为始自明代文彭（1497-1573年）。周亮工（1612-1672年）在《印人传》中写道：“论印之一道,自国博开之,后人奉为金科玉律”,在“书文国博印章后”一节中,     

洛阳汉河南县城陶排水管道发掘简报

2001年 7月, 洛阳市文物工作队在洛阳汉河南县城南墙外发现一段陶水管, 根据其结构特点, 认定为汉代的排水管道, 这为研究汉代建筑的排水系统提供了十分珍贵的资料。     

The Perils of the Back Seat: Date Rape,Race and Gender in 1950s America

Dating among white American teenagers in the 1950s caused parents considerable concern, as it represented disturbing developments in sexual expectations. While the rhetoric surrounding marriage celebrated traditional gender roles and monogamy, Americans bemoaned social and moral decay, caused in part by women's encroachment on male prerogatives. Sexual experience for boys increasingly became a defining gender characteristic and a means of achieving manhood as well. Ideas about proper marital norms and studies of dating practices among young people naturalised male aggression as proof of masculinity, which made girls, even ‘respectable ones’, vulnerable to violence from their dates. As teens' acceptance of going steady became more widespread, older racialised narratives of sexual danger evolved to incorporate new dating trends. Whereas American, and especially southern white, women knew the dangers of the supposed ‘black beast rapist’, they learnt during the 1950s that a special danger could confront them in the back seat of cars, despite the presence of their white, male date. Even with a white protector, white women remained vulnerable to violence on dates, whether from black men or from their white date. As dating conventions loosened, white women found that that the perils of the back seat only increased.     

The Children of Africa in the Colonies

British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion 1688–1914 by P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins. London and New York: Longman, 1993. Pp. xv + 504, tables, maps. £38 (hardback); £16.99 (paperback). ISBN 0–582–49175–4; 0–582–491762.

British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction 1914–1990 by P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins. London and New York: Longman, 1993. Pp. xiv + 337, tables, maps. £30 (hardback); £11.99 (paperback). ISBN 0–582–20966–8; 0–582–20965‐X.     

For the Tibetan Children

Inlate1980s,anoldmanreturnedtohishometownofNamlinginTibet.Namling,withapopulationofsome70,000,isoneofthemostpopulous,remoteandpoorestcountiesintheXigazeregion.Povertyhaspre-ventedmanychildrengoingtoschool.WhenZhaxiCeringsawschool-agechildreninthevillagess…     

锦州为汉代徒河县再考

关于汉代辽西郡徒河县的地望,以往学或将其确定在营州东北,或定为邰集屯汉城址,或定在锦州西北,或定为锦州市。本作通过对大量献记载的考证,结合对锦州汉城遗迹、遗物的实地调查,对上述诸说进行了讨论,认为锦州市区新发现的汉代城址应为汉代辽西郡徒河县的旧址。     

Counting the Children: The Role of Children in the Production of Finger Flutings in Four Upper Palaeolithic Caves

Children and young adults are believed to have represented up to 40 per cent of Upper Palaeolithic populations, yet little is known of their engagement in deep caves besides evidence of their hand and footprints. In this study we examine finger flutings, lines drawn with fingers in soft surfaces, in 12 Franco‐Cantabrian Upper Palaeolithic caves to look for forensic evidence of unique individuals. We find evidence of children as finger fluters in four caves (El Castillo, Las Chimeneas, Rouffignac and Gargas). We discuss the types, locations and frequency of their flutings, as well as the relationship between their flutings and those made by non‐children in the same caves and chambers. The small number of participants calls into question past theories of children's engagement in ritual and initiation in these particular caves.     

渤海国湖州治所及湄沱湖问题

通过对城墙砬子古城、南湖头古城和大石头河古城的考古调查及对文献资料的研究,证明南湖头古城作为渤海国湖州治所的可能性是最大的,湄沱湖就是镜泊湖.