INTERVIEW WITH THEODORE H. VON LAUE

Born in 1916, reared and educated in Germany until 2937, Von hue has been writing and teaching global history for almost three decades. He received his B.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Princeton University and wm certified by the Russian Institute at Columbia University. Von hue published well-received books on German historiography, late Imperial Russia, and the Soviet Union before his lesser-known global histories. From 1943 to 1983, he taught at Princeton, the University of Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College, Bryn Mawr College, the University of California at Riverside, Washington University at St. Louis, and Clark University. As Jacob and Frances Hiatt Professor of European History, Emeritus, at Clark, he has taught in China and held offices in the World History Association. Von hue has two daughters from his first marriage. He and his wife Angela live in Worcester, Massachusetts, where this interview was conducted in August 2995, by Roger Adelson.     

Dr. C.E. Brown-Séquard, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., London: the casting of the die

In 1858 Dr. Brown-Séquard arrived in London. During his stay there, he was appointed physician at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic (now the National Hospital), and was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physician's of London, as well as Fellow of the Royal society. During this time he also published his 'Course of Lectures on the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System' an early exposition of what is now know as 'his' syndrome. During his time in London, Dr. Brown-Séquard made many well-known acquaintances, amongst others Charles Darwin, T.H. Huxley, and Louis Pasteur. Three years after his appointment as physician at the National Hospital, he left London. Increasingly, he was to abondon fashionable practice to concentrate on his study of what are now known as the endocrinal glands. In this way, he became a pioneer of the study of endocrinology.     

Robert Graves,Marshall Hall,and reflex action in 1837

ABSTRACT

In several issues of the London Medical Gazette during June–July of 1837 there was an interchange of letters between Robert Graves, Regius Professor of the Institutes of Medicine at Trinity College, Dublin, and the London physician and experimental physiologist Marshall Hall, often considered the discoverer of the phenomenon of reflex activity. Graves asserted that he, rather than Hall, was the originator of the idea of reflex action as a disease mechanism. Hall rejected that assertion and, after exchange of some verbal “pleasantries,” began a tirade about a somewhat different, although not unrelated issue into which the journal editor interjected some not exactly dispassionate comments. Graves soon let the matter of priority lapse, and Hall continued his war with the Council of the Royal Society, but examination of the contemporary and earlier literature suggests that Graves probably was correct, by a narrow time margin, in relation of his claim for priority in using the concept of reflex action in explaining neurological disease mechanisms (not a claim for discovering reflex action), that Hall had used the phrase “reflex action” earlier than Graves, and that others before Hall had gone a long way in studying reflex mechanisms, although Hall’s writings had familiarized the medical profession with the concept.     

Some contributions of Robert Bentley Todd

A Dubliner by birth and education, Robert Bentley Todd (1809-1860) settled in London, achieving success as physician and educator. He was professor of anatomy and physiology at King's College, and a founder of King's College Hospital. His publications were numerous; he edited a Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology in which he introduced the terms afferent and efferent and pointed to the location of the major lesion of tabes dorsalis. He described postictal paralysis in his Lumleian Lectures (1849); the features of "Todd's paralysis" are discussed. He appeared for the prosecution at the Smethurst murder trial (1859). He prescribed wine and brandy copiously for fevers.     

Diedrich Westermann and the Ambiguities of Colonial Science in the Inter-War Era

Diedrich Westermann (1875–1956) was a key figure in the establishment of African studies in Germany and Britain. He was a pioneer German linguist and member of the founding generation of German Africanists (Afrikanistik) who played a significant role in the field. As professor at Berlin University, the co-director of the International Institute of African Languages and Culture (IIALC) in London from 1926 and an adviser to Lord Hailey’s research team for the monumental ‘An African Survey’ (1938), he was central to the promotion of policy research in the African colonial context during the inter-war era. His own work focused on the phonetics and orthography of the Sudanic languages and the methodologies he pioneered were widely adopted in West Africa. As editor of the journals Koloniale Rundschau (Berlin) and Africa (London), with links to Rockefeller research funding, he was able, with Malinowski and J. H. Oldham, to wield considerable influence over the shape of anthropological and linguistic research for more than 20 years. His links to the Colonial Office and the International Missionary Council (IMC) in London and the Berlin Missionary Society (BMS) and the Colonial Department of the Third Reich, meant that he was uniquely placed as an adviser to both governments. This would seem to raise important questions about the similarities and differences in the climates of scientific work in these diverse contexts which has to date not attracted much attention. Westermann’s career provides a portrait of the complex academic inter-war era that Africanists scholars needed to navigate in a world charged with political conflict and the seeds of development debates that were to come to fruition with UNESCO initiatives in the post-war years.     

The role of Herman Hoppe of Cincinnati in the initial clinical recognition of myasthenia gravis

One of the earliest papers describing a case of what came to be known as myasthenia gravis was written in 1892 in the German language by an American, Herman Hoppe, who at the time was an assistant in the Berlin polyclinic of the prominent German neurologist. Hermann Oppenheim. At Oppenheim's instigation, Hoppe published the pathology of a case that Oppenheim had diagnosed during life; he collected all the reported similar cases and tried to establish a symptom-complex, for which he was given credit in Oppenheim's great neurology textbook of 1894. Upon his return to Cincinnati, Ohio, Hoppe's European experience qualified him as a specialist in nervous and mental diseases. His private practice of "neuropsychiatry" was his main occupation, but he also volunteered to teach as Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases at the University of Cincinnati. In 1901 Oppenheim published the first monograph about what he called "Die Myasthenische Paralyse (Bulbarparalyse ohne anatomischen Befund)", summarizing 60 cases described in the medical literature up to that time. Hoppe, on the other hand, wrote on myasthenia gravis only once again, a review article in 1914 in a Cincinnati weekly, giving Oppenheim credit for the establishment of the disease as a clinical entity.     

The Role of Herman Hoppe of Cincinnati in the Initial Clinical Recognition of Myasthenia Gravis

One of the earliest papers describing a case of what came to be known as myasthenia gravis was written in 1892 in the German language by an American, Herman Hoppe, who at the time was an assistant in the Berlin polyclinic of the prominent German neurologist, Hermann Oppenheim. At Oppenheim’s instigation, Hoppe published the pathology of a case that Oppenheim had diagnosed during life; he collected all the reported similar cases and tried to establish a symptom-complex, for which he was given credit in Oppenheim’s great neurology textbook of 1894. Upon his return to Cincinnati, Ohio, Hoppe’s European experience qualified him as a specialist in nervous and mental diseases. His private practice of “neuropsychiatry” was his main occupation, but he also volunteered to teach as Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases at the University of Cincinnati. In 1901 Oppenheim published the first monograph about what he called “ Die Myasthenische Paralyse (Bulbarparalyse ohne anatomischen Befund) ”, summarizing 60 cases described in the medical literature up to that time. Hoppe, on the other hand, wrote on myasthenia gravis only once again, a review article in 1914 in a Cincinnati weekly, giving Oppenheim credit for the establishment of the disease as a clinical entity.     

The boundary dispute between Chile and Argentina

In November 1920, James Young Simpson, Professor of Natural Science in New College, Edinburgh and Trinity College, Glasgow, was invited by the governments of Latvia and Lithuania to chair a commission which would settle the disputed border between the two newly‐independent states. Upon his return to Edinburgh in May 1921, Simpson deposited the papers and final report on the commission's decision with the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, of which he was an active member. This article will explain why and how Simpson came to be involved in diplomatic decisions so remote from his home life and work, and will analyse the significance of the results of Simpson's efforts on the arbitration commission.     

From Berlin to Beijing

In late 1900, while foreign troops occupied Beijing in the wake of the Boxer Rebellion, alarming news reached the German government from China: High-quality works of art were on sale in Beijing and would soon be displayed in museums in London and Paris without having a comparable display in Berlin. The Ethnological Museum in Berlin immediately sent the Orientalist Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Müller (1863–1930) as an envoy to Beijing to buy works of art. Müller was in Beijing between 6 April and 13 September 1901. This article contains a partially annotated translation of Müller’s report, including his packing lists of 117 crates he sent to Berlin in 1901. The original German text is included as an addendum.     

Collections of Chinese antiquities outside China: problems and hopes

Abstract

This paper is a revised and abbreviated version of an inaugural address delivered on 3 March 2005, at the International Centre for Chinese Heritage and Archaeology. The Centre was jointly established in London by the Institute of Archaeology and the School of Oriental and African Studies, University College London, together with the School of Archaeology and Museum Studies at Beijing University as their Chinese partner institution.     

SIR THOMAS BROWNE AND ANTIQUITY

INTRODUCTION BY THE MASTER OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD
Pembroke College had for some time wished to commemorate one of its most distinguished members and at the same time contribute to the world of scholarship. The support of an anonymous member of the College made it possible this year for us to inaugurate the biennial lectures entitled 'The Sir Thomas Browne Lectures of Pembroke College'. Sir Thomas Browne has a very special significance for Pembroke. In 1624 he was the senior scholar of Broadgates Hall, the mediaeval hall on the site of Pembroke, when that year it received its new name and Royal Charter. To the scholars of Broadgates Hall he spoke of Pembroke College, 'rising like a phoenix out of the ashes'and called on them to show loyalty to the new College. Sir Thomas Browne was such a polymath that lecturers will find some connection between contemporary thought in the fields of religion, medicine, philosophy and archaeology, all having been illumined by his insatiable curiosity. However, taking a cue from the statue of Thomas Browne in Norwich, his home town, where this thoughtful figure holds a sherd of pottery in his right hand and sits on a pedestal of grey granite shaped to depict an urn, we decided that there could be no better start to the series than to invite one of the country's most distinguished archaeologists, Professor Stuart Piggott, to give our first lecture.     

Politicians versus Historians: Lord Avon's 'Appeasement Battle' against 'Lamentably, Appeasement-Minded' Historians

In retirement, Sir Anthony Eden, seeking to safeguard the anti-appeaserimage cultivated following his resignation as Neville Chamberlain'sForeign Secretary in 1938, proved extremely sensitive to theway in which his political career was presented in memoirs,biographies, and histories. Eden, who accepted the earldom ofAvon in 1961, saw himself as refighting old politcal battles,except that by the 1960s his attack was directed increasinglyagainst what he described as ‘lament-ably, appeasement-minded’history professors rather than former politicians. During 1966–7objections to Frederick Northedge's The Troubled Giant evenled him at one stage to consider legal action for defamationof character. The ensuing dispute, highlighting Lord Avon'spreoccupation with the verdict of history, illuminated alsothe varying, often conflicting, perspectives adopted towardsthe past by historians and politicians. ^*Earlier versions of this paper were presented to the BISA BritishInternational History Group Conference at the University ofExeter, September 1996, and the Millennium after 25 Years Conferenceat the LSE, October 1996. I am grateful to the Countess of Avon,the Marquess of Salisbury, the Borthwick Institute of HistoricalResearch at the University of York, the Master and Fellows ofChurchill College at Cambridge, and the Archivist of CarmarthenshireRecords Service at Carmarthen, for permission to quote fromthe papers of the first Earl of Avon, The Marquess of Salisbury,the Earls of Halifax, Lord Strang, and Viscount Cilcennin respectively.I am particularly indebted to Muriel Grieve, Professor Northedge'swidow, for assistance in my research and permission to quotefrom her husband's correspondence and publications, as wellas to Sir Bryan Cartledge, who helped Lord Avon with his memoirs.     

The Medieval sea‐state

EUROPE

Pilgrim Spots in Galloway. By G. Marianne M'Kerlie. London : Sands and Co., 1916. Price 5s. net.

Midsummer Motoring in Europe. By De Courcy W. Trom. New York and London : G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916. Price 10s. 6d. net.

ASIA

A Naturalist in Borneo. By the late Robert W. C. Shelford, of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, M.A., etc., late Curator of the Sarawak Museum, and Assistant Curator of the Hope Department of Zoology, Oxford University Museum. Edited, with a Biographical Introduction, by Edward B. Poulton, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, and Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. London : T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd., 1916. Price 15s. net.

In Far North‐East Siberia. By I. W. Shklovsky (“Dioneo”). London : Macmillan and Co. Price 8s. 6d. net.

Provincial Geographies of India. The Panjab, North‐West Frontier Province, and Kashmir. By Sir James Douie, M.A., K.C.S.I. Cambridge : University Press, 1916. Price 6s. net.

AMERICA

David Thompson's Narrative of his Explorations in Western America, 1784–1812. Edited by J. B. Tyrrell. Toronto : The Champlain Society, 1916.

AUSTRALASIA

Australia. (University Manuals.) By J. W. Gregory, F.R.S. Cambridge : University Press, 1916. Price 1s. 3d. net.

GENERAL

Naval and Military Geography of the British Empire (considered in Relation to the War with Germany). By Vaugiian Cornish, D.Sc. London : Hugh Rees, 1916. Price 3s. 6d. net.

Cambridge Travel Books. The Earliest Voyages round the World, 1519–1617. Edited by Philip P. Alexander, M.A., Hertford College, Oxford. Cambridge : At the University Press, 1916. Price 3s.

The German Colonial Empire. By Paolo Giordani. Translated by Mrs. Gustavus W. Hamilton. London : G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., 1916.

EDUCATIONAL

New Regional Geographies.—(1) The Americas. (2) Asia and Australasia. By Leonard Brooks, M. A. (Cantab.), F.R.G.S. London : University of London Press, Ltd., 1916. Price 3s. each.

A Nursery Geography. By George S. Dickson. London : T. C. and E. C. Jack. Price 3s. 6d. net.     

Shopping with Karl: Commodity Fetishism and the Materiality of Marx’s London

Scholars have postulated that commodity fetishism represents Marx’s theory of capitalist materiality, but the content of that theory is contested. I offer an archaeology of Marx’s material world in order to understand the development of the concept. During his time in London, Marx wrote and published Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867), in which he outlined the concept of commodity fetishism. I demonstrate that he formed his analysis of commodity fetishism from daily practices including shopping, and consuming tobacco, in combination with his research at the British Museum. I take an experiential approach to archaeology that foregrounds Marx living in a world of objects, and posit a relationship between his experiences and his understanding of commodities. In so doing, I show how Marx’s “everyday life” shaped his concept of commodity fetishism, and how this concept could be useful to historical archaeologists.     

New books

In Western India: Recollections of my Early Missionary Life. By the Rev. J. Murray Mitchell, M.A., LL.D. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1899. Pp. 405. Price 5s.

British Africa. With four Maps. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., Ltd., 1899. Pp. 400 +Appendix, pp. xiii. Price 6s.

Bihar. By Stanley Lane‐Poole, M. A., Professor of Arabic at Trinity College, Dublin. ("Rulers of India.”) Oxford : The Clarendon Press, 1899. Pp. 206. Price 2s. 6d.

Tirol. Von Max Haushofer. Schweiz. Von J. C. Heer. Land und Leute, herausgegeben von A. Scob'el, Nos. IV. and V. Bielefeld und Leipzig: Verlag von Velhagen und Klasing, 1899. Pp. 198 and 192. Price M. 4 each.

Nederlandsch Indie onder het Begentschap von Koningin Emma, 1890–1898. Batavia: G. Kolff and Co., 1898. Pp. xvi + 351.

From the Alps to the Andes. Being the Autobiography of a Mountain Guide. By Mattias Zurbriggen. London : T. Fisher Unwin, 1899. Pp. 269. Price 10s. Gd. net.

Two Women in Klondike. By Mart E. Hitciicock. New York and London : G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1899. Pp. 485. Price 12s. 6d.

In India. By G. W. Steevens, author of With Kitchener to Khartum, Egypt in‐1898, The Land of the Dollar, The Conquering Turk, etc. Crown 8vo. Pp. vi + 365. With a Map. London and Edinburgh : William Blackwood and Sons, 1899. Price 6s.

Our Island Empire. A Handbook of Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands. By Charles Morris. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co. Pp. 488.

A Class‐Booh of Modern Geography. With Examination Questions, Notes, and Index. By William Hughes, F.R.G.S., late Professor of Geography in King's College, London. London: George Philip and Son, 1898. Pp. xvi + 472. Price 3s. 6d.     

严复与伊藤博文“同学”说探源

严复在英国皇家海军学院留学期间,日本东乡平八郎在英国商船学校学习海军技术,其政要井上馨在英国进修财政经济,还有一些中日留学生同在法国学习造船技术。基于此,总理各国事务衙门1896年最早提出当时日本执政大臣多与福州船政学堂首批留学生"同堂肄业",陈宝琛1921年继之明言严复有"日本同学"。直到1932年,林耀华、钱基博将"日本同学"细化为伊藤博文,严、伊"同学"传闻遂告定型。严复本人并无借伊藤抬高自己的动机,更不可能从生前并不存在的传闻中受益,据伪造"严复书札"断言严复是"同学"说的始作俑者,显然不正确。     

Virtual Forum: Archaeology and Decolonization

In this forum, patiently achieved through months of cyber-work, participants Nayanjot Lahiri (India), Nick Shepherd (South Africa), Joe Watkins (USA) and Larry Zimmerman (USA), plus the two editors of Arqueología Suramericana, Alejandro Haber (Argentina) and Cristóbal Gnecco (Colombia), discuss the topic of archaeology and decolonization. Nayanjot Lahiri teaches archaeology in her capacity as Professor at the Department of History, University of Delhi. Her books include Finding Forgotten Cities: How the Indus Civilization was Discovered (2005) and The Archaeology of Indian Trade Routes (1992). She has edited The Decline and Fall of the Indus Civilization (2000) and an issue of World Archaeology entitled The Archaeology of Hinduism (2004). Nick Shepherd is a senior lecturer in the Center for African Studies at the University of Cape Town, where he convenes the program in public culture in Africa. He sits on the executive committee of the World Archaeological Congress, and is co-editor of the journal Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress. In 2004 he was based at Harvard University as a Mandela Fellow. He has published widely on issues of archaeology and society in Africa, and on issues of public history and heritage. Joe Watkins is Choctaw Indian and archaeologist Joe Watkins is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico. He is 1/2 Choctaw Indian by blood, and has been involved in archaeology for more than thirty-five years. He received his Bachelor’s of Arts degree in Anthropology from the University of Oklahoma and his Master’s of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Anthropology from Southern Methodist University, where his doctorate examined archaeologists’ responses to questionnaire scenarios concerning their perceptions of American Indian issues. His current study interests include the ethical practice of anthropology and the study of anthropology’s relationships with descendant communities and Aboriginal populations, and he has published numerous articles on these topics. His first book Indigenous Archaeology: American Indian Values and Scientific Practice (AltaMira Press, 2000) examined the relationships between American Indians and archaeologists and is in its second printing His latest book, Reclaiming Physical Heritage: Repatriation and Sacred Sites (Chelsea House Publishers 2005) is aimed toward creating an awareness of Native American issues among high school students. Larry J. Zimmerman is Professor of Anthropology and Museum Studies and Public Scholar of Native American Representation at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and the Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art. He is Vice President of the World Archaeological Congress. He also has served WAC as its Executive Secretary and as the organizer of the first WAC Inter-Congress on Archaeological Ethics and the Treatment of the Dead. His research interests include the archaeology of the North American Plains, contemporary American Indian issues, and his current project examining the archaeology of homelessness. Originally published in Spanish in Arqueología Suramericana 3(1), 2007     

Leo Amery's Imperialist Alternative to Appeasement in the 1930s

Leo Amery has long been seen as one of the leading figures inthe anti-appeasement movement. However, key aspects of his caseagainst government foreign policy are not addressed in previouswork. This article considers Amery's reputation pointing outthat it is problematic to characterize him as an ‘anti-appeaser’because he did not rule out concessions to Germany and was willingto see Germany dominate Central Europe. However, he differedfrom the government in advocating a Danubian economic bloc tocreate stability and satisfy some German desires. This flowedfrom Amery's imperialism and his economic nationalism. Meanwhile,he fervently opposed colonial concessions, believing that Germangrievances could only be satisfied in Europe. Considering whetherAmery was an ‘anti-appeaser’ or a ‘real appeaser’,the article analyses Amery's doubts over whether to supportNeville Chamberlain over the Munich agreement. It concludesthat although Amery disagreed with Chamberlain more on tacticsthan strategy, these alternative tactics were significantlydifferent from government policy. As such, aspects of the anti-appeasementcase should be seen as being more nuanced than previously recognized,and the imperialist dimension of it should be understood.     

Twenty-Five Years--Where is German History Now?

As our two founding editors write in this issue, at its inception,German History fulfilled a dual purpose. First, it arose fromthe need to find a ‘home’ for a growing body ofscholarship on German history produced and debated in the UnitedKingdom, not least under the aegis of the German History Society.Second, the journal was set up with a certain sense of mission,designed to showcase an innovative brand of German history writing,which was at variance, to some extent at least, with that predominantlypublished in the American-based Central European History. Sincethen, much has changed.