Ancient Egyptian hair gel: new insight into ancient Egyptian mummification procedures through chemical analysis

Artificial mummification in ancient Egypt involved the application of chemicals to the body mostly for the purpose of preservation; others were applied for ritual aspects. Unguents were used also in everyday toilette. Here we report a type of material which was applied specifically to the hair, a fatty material used as a ‘hair gel’. Personal appearance was important to the ancient Egyptians so much so that in cases where the hair was styled the embalming process was adapted to preserve the hair style. This further ensured that the deceased’s individuality was retained in death, as it had been in life, and emphasises the importance of the hair in ancient Egyptian society.     

古埃及文字及其影响

古代埃及是人类明的重要发祥地之一。早在公元前4000年代,古埃及人就以其聪明才智创造了字,对人类明做出了巨大的贡献。本将分析古埃及字的结构、演变、传播及其对西方各种字母字形成所起的重要作用。     

论古埃及文明的特性

人类的历史是一部各民族相互联系,而又各有其不同发展道路的,发展演进的过程。历史科学的首要任务,就在于揭示出世界各民族和国家的历史发展、演变的一般规律。但是,也并不排斥各自发展道路上的差异和特殊性。马克思主义经典作家指出:“人们自己创造自己的历史,但是到现在为止,他们并不是按照共同的意志,根据一个共同的计划,甚至不是在某个特定的局限的社会内来创造这个历史”。①所以,在谈到世界历史发展的一般规律时,“不仅丝毫不排斥个别发展阶段在发展的形式或顺序上表现出特殊性,反而是以此为前提的”。②古代埃及是古代世界文明社会中…     

Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Ancient Egyptian Pigments

The application of FT‐Raman spectroscopy and visible Raman microscopy to the non‐destructive analysis of pigment specimens excavated from Tell el Amarna by Flinders Petrie in the 1890s has provided information about the chemical composition of the materials used by XVIIIth Dynasty artists in the New Kingdom at the time of King Akhenaten, c. 1340 bc. Comparison of the Raman spectra of the samples labelled ‘red and yellow ochre’ with documented, archival material from geological collections provided a clear indication of the materials used in the iron(III) oxide/hydroxide system, including α‐hematite, goethite, maghemite, magnetite and lepidocrocite. The yellow–orange specimen labelled ‘realgar’ proved to be a mixture of realgar and pararealgar; since the specimen had been sheltered from light since its excavation, this could indicate that the ancient Egyptian artists recognized the colour variation and may have used this to effect in their decorations. A specimen of yellow ochre contained goethite, α‐FeO.OH, with particles of crystalline, highly ordered graphite; in contrast, the red ochre specimens contained amorphous carbon particles.     

古埃及文献《能言善辩的农民》的多视角研究

《能言善辩的农民》是古代埃及保存下来的篇幅最长,内容最完整的为数不多的几篇献之一。该献涉猎领域宽泛,是研究古埃及中王国时代政治、经济、宗教及社会状况的一篇十分重要的献,在埃及学研究上具有无与伦比的重要价值。本从语言与学、法律思想、历史背景、宗教伦理,以及对献的评价等方面进行了多视角全方位的探讨。     

论古埃及埃勒凡塔的犹太社区

埃勒凡塔犹太社区的出现,与古埃及第26王朝的雇佣兵制度密不可分.在接受波斯人统治的前提下,犹太社区实行有限自治,依靠统治者配发的薪饷生活,信仰上帝雅胡,也信奉其他埃及神祗,在婚姻上享有很大的自由,使用阿拉米亚语文.犹太人内部、犹太人与非犹太人之间有频繁的经济往来.埃勒凡塔犹太人的宗教信仰,宗教仪式没有得到耶路撒冷宗教当局的承认.犹太社区成员在埃及人反抗波斯人统治的斗争中,充当波斯人的雇佣兵,因而为埃及人所不容,并在与埃及人的冲突中走向终结.     

论古代埃及人的创世说

古代埃及人的思想体系是多元的、动态的和零散的 ,但却是和谐共存的。对大地、天空、月亮和太阳他们都有非常自觉和感性的认识。但他们的创世学说却有一个从感性到抽象的发展过程 ,这一点充分地反映在他们的几篇重要的宗教典籍中 :从金字塔铭文、《亡灵书》到孟菲斯神谱 ,尽管内容具有连续性 ,但本质却有了质的飞跃。然而令人遗憾的是埃及人最终也没有形成一个完整的思想体系。     

Isotopic palaeodiet studies of Ancient Egyptian fauna and humans

We report here stable carbon and nitrogen isotope results from human and faunal bone collagen from samples taken from sites in the Egyptian Nile Valley and surrounding region, dating from the Predynastic (c. 5500 BC) through to the Dynastic (c. 343 BC) periods. Isotopic values for the human population cluster together across this broad time range, with high δ¹⁵N ratios, and δ¹³C values indicating a largely C₃ based diet. The human data is not easily explained through comparison with our associated faunal data, and so may be explained by the consumption of protein from an ecosystem we did not adequately sample, such as freshwater fish or plants and fauna with unusually high δ¹⁵N values due to the extreme aridity of this region. The faunal isotopic data we did produce shows a great range in values between and within species, especially in cattle, and reflects the close proximity of three ecozones across a relatively narrow geographical area; the river, the immediate flood-plain area around the Nile and the desert surroundings.     

古埃及文明消亡的现代反思北大核心CSSCI

古埃及文明曾在人类历史上大放异彩,但在公元七世纪中期以后就消失在历史长河中。这本是历史事实,但由于学界对文明、文化、文明起源与消亡等问题的判断标准不一,学者们提出了有关古埃及文明消亡的不同见解。史学研究应坚持理论标准的前后统一。统一国家、文字体系、文化认同是古埃及文明形成的标准,也是古埃及三千多年文明史上的重要因素。三者的消失意味着古埃及文明的终结。生产力停滞不前及其导致的综合国力式微,长达千年之久的外族统治,古埃及文字、信仰及实践缺乏社会基础,共同促使古埃及文明走向消亡。     

Towards justice in planning: A reappraisal

The concept of justice is central to a political activity such as planning. This is reflected in the initial influence of consequentialism, particularly utilitarian conceptualizations, in planning thought and more recently in the application of Rawls' notion of “justice as fairness” and Habermas' “discourse ethics”. However, contemporary normative planning theory has been vigorously criticized by studies which take as their starting point the material realities of planning practices. In this paper it is argued that notwithstanding the crucial contributions of Habermas and Rawls to political philosophy their constitutional level conceptualizations were never intended to be applied to the task of situated judgement associated with the highly contested decisions at the heart of the planning activity. Consequently, the issue for the planning community is not so much can the concepts of justice embodied in Rawls' “justice as fairness” or Habermas' “discourse ethics” be found in practice but could they ever. More generally it has been argued that the inevitable abstraction in liberal theories of justice comes so close to idealization that their ability to help individuals and societies to address the question of “what is to be done?” is seriously called in to doubt. This in turn has led to concern that an adequate account of justice should be able to link abstract principles to context sensitive judgement of particular cases. The paper explores some implications of these debates for the future development of theory and practice in planning.     

古埃及护身符的制作原理、分类与文化蕴涵

护身符是古埃及宗教文化的重要艺术形式,也是古埃及人留下的文化遗产。护身符的制作遵循交感巫术原理。按照该原理可以把护身符分为3种形式:以"相似律"原理制作的护身符、以"感染率"原理制作的护身符、"相似律"与"感染律"兼有的护身符。护身符具有丰富的文化蕴涵,是古埃及人造就强势人格的法宝,也是古埃及人冥世观的集中反映,其中积淀着埃及文明的因子。护身符的运用,一方面为埃及珠宝工艺的发展带来契机,另一方面促进了埃及文明的传播。     

古埃及王室墓葬与王权的形成、发展

王权是古埃及早期国家甚至是埃及学研究中的重要理论问题。以往学界主要依赖图示和铭文史料考察古埃及王权的形成与演变及王权的特点。本文主要从王室墓葬的形式、结构、规模、陪葬品和壁画、铭文等考古实物的演变过程透视这一问题。从而,本文既具有重要的理论意义,也在方法论上有所突破,更具有一定的学术价值。通过对前王朝、早王朝和古王国王室墓葬的考察,本文认为古埃及王室墓葬的形成与发展体现了王权的形成以及早期王权向专制王权的演化,更体现了早期王权和专制王权的特点。     

论新王国时期埃及人的生死观

本文评述新王国时期的埃及人在死者的墓室入口摆设宴席、庆祝被称为“美好的山谷节日”的习俗。文章试图利用从古代埃及流传下来的文献、近些年来的考古发掘结果以及来自古代两河流域和古代以色列的相关材料来阐述新王国时期的埃及人极其复杂的生死观以及他们面对死神而采取的独特的处世态度。     

An atypical Ancient Egyptian pillow from Sedment el-Gebel: evidence for migrant worker trading and technology

Archaeological artefacts are irreplaceable information resources. Consequently analytical methods must be non-destructive or use the minimum of sample so that an artefact remains accessible and unchanged for future research. The significance and innovation of the current study is the application of micro- and non-destructive analytical methods to an ancient Egyptian pillow in order to gain new knowledge about funerary customs, population composition, trade routes, and technological expertise. In this study, the analytical results highlight the funerary customs of a migrant community within ancient Egypt with an ephemeral technological expertise.     

Edward III’s siege of Calais: A reappraisal

In September 1346, Edward III brought his victorious army to the gates of Calais to begin a siege that over 12 months developed into the largest military operation conducted by the English on French soil during the fourteenth century. It is also perhaps the least understood campaign of Edward III’s reign, because of the loss of the army pay records. We know from chronicles that the men of Calais conducted a heroic defence of their town, and we know too that the English created and maintained an enormous logistical operation first to besiege and then to capture the port. What is little understood, however, is the scale, scope and chronology of the siege. The role played by English naval forces has received little attention, yet there is a series of pay records relating to their service which can compensate for the loss of the vadia guerre accounts and which can enrich understanding of the campaign. Using this evidence, this article reappraises the whole expedition, highlights the numbers of ships and mariners involved in the siege, and draws attention to periods of intensive military activity. Edward III’s ultimate objective was to capture, hold and use the town as a safe port of disembarkation for future invasions.