从精英掌控到大众文化空间——19世纪上半叶大英博物馆的建构与功能转换

19世纪上半叶,英帝国的强盛将大英博物馆推向新纪元,馆藏规模得到极大扩充,书籍、手稿、自然和人工制品的收藏增长迅速。这一时期,英国议会对大英博物馆更加重视也更加慷慨,愿意花费公共资金来扩充藏品。另一方面,严厉的参观规则得以变更,进入博物馆参观或学习的限制被放宽,繁杂的参观时间规定得以改进,阅览室的空间不断扩充。作为大众文化空间,博物馆为公众服务的宗旨和理念随着国家的重视和精英人物的努力逐渐由虚设变为现实,其由国家掌控的特性及作为国家文化工具的使命第一次得到明确的认可和界定。     

晚清时期英国在华租借地历史文化国际学术研讨会综述

在山东威海举办的“晚清时期英国在华租借地历史文化”国际学术研讨会上,来自世界各地的专家学者,以香港、威海两地特定时期的历史文化问题为主题,对近代英国在华租借地的历史事件、历史人物及相关研究进行了多方位的考察和讨论,丰富了晚清时期英国在华租借地研究的成果。     

A radiological and histological investigation into the mummification of cats from Ancient Egypt

An examination has been carried out on a series of wrapped mummified cats from Ancient Egypt that are held in the British Museum (Natural History). The cats, which were unprovenanced and undated, were presented by Sir Flinders Petrie at the beginning of this century, but they were not registered in the collections and have never been described. Radiocarbon dates have now been obtained for two of the cats and radiographs have been taken of each one to establish its identification and age at death. Attempts were made to reconstitute the skin tissue and samples of hair were studied by electron microscopy.     

上博（五）札记二则

根据《包山楚简》所记文书的有关材料可知,《上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书(五).竞建内之》篇的所谓篇名“竞建内之”四字,其意是指楚人景建献纳简书。根据《大戴礼记》、《逸周书.官人》等材料可证,《上博(五).鲍叔牙与隰朋之谏》篇中的“”,可能当读为“考度”。     

傅维鳞《明书》史事缺略与回避考

《明书》是第一部明代全史,但于晚明史事多有缺略,于明清关系亦有所回避。本文对《明书》具体缺略情况和回避情形进行了考述、分析,希望能为明史研究者更好地利用《明书》提供参考。     

晚清时期南洋地区中华商会的角色定位及其实践

论文聚焦于晚清南洋各埠中华商会的创办及其在保障当地华人华商权益、增进海内外同胞沟通与交流等方面所发挥的作用,从章程文书和案例两个视角剖析南洋中华商会的角色定位。20世纪初,清政府倡导创办商会,南洋各埠华商积极响应。由于清政府在海外的护侨保侨作用有限,南洋中华商会在近代海外华人社会中扮演着多重角色。它不仅是商业联合组织,更是维护海外华侨权益、增进海内外同胞交流的重要支柱。早期中华商会的一系列努力奠定了其在海外华侨社会中的影响与地位,并延续至今。     

清康熙绘本《黄河图》及相关史实考述

台北故宫博物院图书文献处藏有一幅不具作者与年代的长卷式绢本彩绘《黄河图》。经考证,此图是康熙帝亲自授命、由康熙朝河道总督靳辅延聘幕僚周洽、李含渼等人在清康熙二十三至二十六年(1684—1687)间绘制而成。周洽通过实地考察黄河并参照各地其他舆图,与李含渼等一起绘成两幅《黄河图》。靳辅于康熙二十六年九月将其中一幅呈奏康熙帝御览,后收贮于清内务府造办处舆图房,现存北京中国第一历史档案馆;另一幅在民国时期被北平图书馆舆图部收购,现藏台北故宫博物院图书文献处。周洽《黄河图》采用鸟瞰式画法,描绘了靳辅治理黄河、运河时修建的重要水利工程,以及黄河下游两岸重要的自然和人文地理景观,反映了清代的舆图绘制机制,具有极其重要的历史价值。此图是仅存的几幅鸟瞰式水利图之一,也是最精美、最能代表康熙前中期绘图风格的黄河图之一,在中国地图史和艺术史上都占有重要地位。     

Stable carbon- and nitrogen-isotope ratios and electron spin resonance (ESR) g-values of charred bones: changes with heating and a critical evaluation of the utility of g-values for reconstructing thermal history and original isotope ratios

Changes in the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of modern bone samples heated to a variety of times and temperatures were used to determine the effect of heating on isotope ratios and the retention of organic matter in charred bones. For organic extracts produced by slow demineralization in weak acid, δ¹³C values were unchanged, while δ¹⁵N values increased by up to 5‰ and were primarily determined by heating temperature. Changes in the electron spin resonance (ESR) g-value of whole bone and organic extracts were also measured. For organic extracts from charred bones, the g-value was well-correlated with δ¹⁵N and temperature, suggesting that g-values could be used to estimate the charring temperature and original δ¹⁵N values of charred bones. Thus, g-values from demineralized extracts could be very useful in forensic investigations where it would important to reconstruct the thermal history of burned bones. Isotope ratios and g-values of demineralized extracts from four prehistoric components at three sites that produced cremated human bone were used to test whether the same approach can be applied to archaeological materials. While carbon isotope ratios of the prehistoric samples were similar to those of uncharred specimens, nitrogen isotope ratios were increased and the g-value corrections for nitrogen isotope ratios were not effective.     

Interpreting pachyderm single carcass sites in the African Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene record: A multidisciplinary approach to the site of Nadung’a 4 (Kenya)

Nadung’a 4 is one of the single carcass pachyderm sites recorded in East Africa during the Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene. The site has yielded an abundant lithic assemblage in close association with the partial carcass of an elephant. Conjoined pedological, geoarchaeological, spatial, technological, and taphonomical analyses have been carried out to address the relationship between hominids and elephant. The resulting data are consistent with a non-fortuitous association between both categories of remains. The lithic artefacts do not match a classical Acheulean tool-kit, as would be expected for the time period ascribed to the site, and the functional patterns inferred from their analysis make this site radically different from other purported butchery sites. The implications of these original features are discussed.     

Morphological changes in domestic cattle in Gaul,from the second century BC to the fifth century AD: diversity of herds in the Seine valley (France) and northern Gaul

In Western Europe the transition from the Iron Age to the Roman period is the scene of a rapid economic and agro-pastoral evolution characterized in particular by a modification in the shape of the cattle. Understanding this phenomenon, its implementation mechanisms and development dynamics represents a major challenge in archaeozoology. In our study a local and regional approach of the evolution in cattle morphology is carried out first on the scale of the middle Seine valley, then of the northern Gaul. Its purpose is to observe and compare the evolution rates in domestic cattle between Middle La Tène and the fifth century AD, and with the help of a tight chronological and geographical grid, to estimate to what extent the shape of the cattle has been influenced by the indigenous cultures, the Roman economic pattern or even the environment. This osteometrical study is based on the Log Size Index method and on a measurement corpus of 12,969 bones collected on sites located on 117 communes in France (for most of them), Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The results we obtained show local specificities in terms of breeding methods and animal morphologies, observed on a very fine scale and taking place long before the Conquest. Moreover the growth patterns of the various herds happen to be different and to evolve under the impetus of the developing Roman economic pattern. This work thus points out an essential aspect of the agro-pastoral turmoil that took place in Gaul at the turning point of our era. The Roman pattern is not the cause of the morphological changes of the cattle, nor of the diversity in cattle shapes in Gaul, but it provokes a reshaping of the agricultural systems and a redefining of the breeding strategies which boost and completely change the cattle growth patterns.     

论朱彝尊《词综》的文献价值

朱彝尊编纂的《词综》是清代影响最大的词选本。朱彝尊《词综·发凡》以及汪森等人的序文,详细介绍了《词综》的版本来源、编纂体例和校勘考订内容,具有词籍版本目录学价值,成为清人整理词籍的重要参考文献,从而在词籍整理成为专门学术的过程中占有重要地位。     

18-20世纪人体测量史:理论、研究方法、史料以及最初的结果

男性身高的变化能够反映出俄国人口福利状况的变化。1700—1980年,俄国男性士兵身高资料及与之相应的生活状况和福利评估大体分为9个阶段,人的生活状况提高、降低和稳定阶段分别为150、100和30年,280年间男女的身高分别增加了10—11厘米。每逢战争和激烈改革时期,赋税增加和连年歉收,人口的身高、生活状况和福利无不下降;而每逢战争过后,政策得当,社会稳定,风调雨顺之时,人口的身高、生活状况和福利均提高。总之,18世纪俄国民众的整体生活水平下降,而19—20世纪俄国,特别是1921—1980年苏联时期的人口福利提高。这些结论察前人所未察,发他人所未发。     

六朝建康之“中堂”

六朝都城建康之“中堂”位于大司马门到宣阳门之间的“御道”西侧,乃是六朝建康军事防卫体系的核心,是禁卫京师、护卫君主的最后一道军事屏障。“中堂”与魏晋南朝政治的关系,主要体现它在建康军事防御时的中心地位,六朝历史上在建康城所进行的军事布防,基本上都是围绕“中堂”而展开。六朝的“中堂”除了具有禁卫京师、护卫君主的重要军事价值外,还与“释奠”祭孔、“听讼”断狱、策试秀孝、讲论学业,甚至是即位典礼等其他政治活动也有关系。“中堂”与太极殿及东、西堂并无地理上的构成关系。     

圆明三园中的祀庙祠宇建筑探析

清代离宫圆明园及其附园中曾经修建大量的祀庙祠宇建筑,分别以龙王、关帝、土地神、花神等各种神灵为祭祀对象,清帝与皇室成员园居期间,经常来此祭拜。本文通过文献考证,对这些建筑的分布情况、具体形制、祀典特色作了详细考证,并试图进一步揭示其历史背景和文化内涵。     

《西京杂记》中的汉代科技史料

《西京杂记》是一部杂史类著作,对于汉代的科学技术有许多记述,有些材料曾被科技史研究者引用。本文将《西京杂记》中科技史的全部内容按照科技史的观点进行了分类,并进一步对有关机械、物理的部分内容进行了分析、探讨。     

我国经济行业分类对编制旅游卫星账户(TSA)的影响研究

旅游卫星账户（TSA）的特点是,以遵守SNA93的基本概念与核算原则为前提,采用与主体账户完全相同的生产范围和产品分类,从需求和供给两方面全面准确计量旅游活动对整体经济的影响。因此,国家经济行业分类制约着编制TSA的详细程度,从而影响TSA计量结果的准确性。本研究通过对我国TSA实践过程中出现的问题及原因进行分析,对我国原有的和新版的经济行业分类体系进行比较,提出上述观点,旨在于促进我国经济活动分类的不断细化,为构建TSA奠定良好基础。     

Sedimentological and archaeological fabrics in Palaeolithic levels of the South-Eastern Pyrenees: Cova Gran and Roca dels Bous Sites (Lleida, Spain)

The comparative study of sedimentary fabrics in relation to archaeological fabrics in various levels of the sites of Cova Gran de Santa Linya (Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic) and the Roca dels Bous (Middle Palaeolithic) has made it possible to analyse the formation dynamics of the deposits and determine the extent of disturbance of the archaeological levels by natural processes. To achieve this, diagrams and two- and three-dimensional indices were calculated from the azimuth and dip angle of natural clasts and artefacts. The results indicate that the sedimentary levels were formed mainly by planar fabric shape gravitational processes (low depositional angles), which differ notably from the archaeological fabrics they contain, characterised by a greater degree of isotropy. This difference in the fabrics would reflect human activity and indicates that the archaeological levels both in Cova Gran and Roca dels Bous have not been subject to significant natural modifications, and are preserved in situ.     

从《七佛说法图》谈壁画的保护研究

故宫博物院绘画馆中陈列的《七佛说法图》堪称元代寺观壁画中的珍品,但由于受各种因素的影响,已经出现了不同程度的损坏,迫切需要采取有效的措施予以保护。本文通过对壁画现状的调查和监测,总结出导致壁画受损的主要因素,从而有针对性地提出了保护方案。同时,结合数字化技术对壁画保护的前景进行了展望。     

20世纪中日俄(苏)三国关系史分期问题试论

历史研究需要进行科学分期,由于所研究的对象不同,因而分期的标准也不尽相同。20世纪中日俄(苏)三国关系史可分为7个时期。1900-1917年为两强凌-弱时期;1917-1931年为三国关系初次变化时期;1931-1945年为战争笼罩三国时期;1945-1949年为三国关系特殊时期;1949-1960年为三国关系再次变化时期;1960-1972年为敌友关系相互转变时期;1972-1991年为三国关系终趋正常时期。     

Bone weight,meat yield estimates and cod (Gadus morhua): A preliminary study of the weight method

Past approaches to the Weight Method (use of the weight of excavated bone assemblages to evaluate the relative potential meat yield of the animals from which they came) are critically reviewed. They do not account for both inter-taxon and intra-taxon variability in the relationship between bone weight and total body or soft tissue weight. Critics of the Weight Method have assumed that these problems are insurmountable. It is argued here that they can be overcome practically. Solutions lie in the integration of classic Weight Method approaches, which assume a consistent ratio of bone weight to body weight between different taxonomic and size groups, with the understanding of animal scaling provided by studies of skeletal mass allometry. Allometric equations derived from original data (regarding cod, Gadus morhua) and available from published sources (regarding mammals and birds) are used to illustrate this argument. Three practical approaches to the Weight Method are suggested and briefly explored, using bone weight data from Earls' Bu, a Norse site in Orkney, Scotland, as a case study.