The Primacy of Science in Modernity,of Technology in Postmodernity,and of Ideology in the History of Technology

The abrupt reversal of culturally ascribed primacy in the science–technology relationship—namely, from the primacy of science relative to technology prior to circa 1980, to the primacy of technology relative to science since about that date—is proposed as a demarcator of postmodernity from modernity: modernity is when ‘science’ could, and often did, denote technology too; postmodernity is when science is subsumed under technology. In support of that demarcation criterion, I evidence the breadth and strength of modernity’s presupposition of the primacy of science to and for technology by showing its preposterous hold upon social theorists—Marx, Veblen, Dewey—whose principles logically required the reverse, viz. the primacy of practice; upon 19th and 20th century engineers and industrialists, social actors whose practical interests likewise required the reverse; and upon the principal theorizers in the 1970s of the role of science in late 20th century technology and society. The reversal in primacy between science and technology ca 1980 came too unexpectedly, too quickly, and, above all, too unreflectively to have resulted from the weight of evidence or the force of logic. Rather, it was a concomitant of the onset of postmodernity. Oddly, historians of technology have remained almost wholly unacknowledging of postmodernity’s epochal elevation of the cultural standing of the subject of their studies, and, specifically, have ignored technology’s elevation relative to science. This I attribute to the ideological character of that discipline, and, specifically, to its strategy of ignoration of science.     

化学材料在南通天宁寺古建筑维修中的应用

天宁寺是江苏省重点文物保护单位,该建筑历经千年风霜雨雪,虫蛀霉烂,残损情况十分严重。本文简要分析了古建筑的落架大修与化学加固两种方案的利弊得失,重点介绍了化学材料在木构古建筑维修、加固中的应用。     

从1902年霍乱传播模式看清末北方社会

在晚清行将告罄的1902年,霍乱作为一个历史进程的指标,敏感地反映了开埠通商前后中国北方社会环境的剧烈变化:疫区的盈缩反映出区域商贸交往体系的成型及港口的兴衰;城乡传播模式的沿海环绕及内陆、沿海轻重疫区的清晰分层则暗示出其时区域人口交往密度的沿海大倾斜。而现代交通工具的介入,则从速度上悄然影响着霍乱的传播区域。     

Constructions of cosmopolitanism in teenage citizenship in Singapore

This study aims to uncover the geographies of places informing teenagers' understanding of cosmopolitanism and citizenship. Children and young people (CYP) in Singapore are becoming more internationally mobile and growing up in highly globalised Singapore. There are three overall arguments in this paper. First, the local is the actual place to situate studies on cosmopolitanism and that cosmopolitanism should be considered as a dimension of deterritorialised citizenship amongst CYP growing up in highly globalised nation-states. There are ‘roots and routes’ approaches to citizenship and my second argument is that the ‘routes approach’ to citizenship has ingrained cosmopolitan experiences into young people's life-worlds and is arguably the stronger approach of the two for young Singaporeans. Finally, this study demonstrates that the experiences of CYP in geographies of education [Holloway, S. L., P. Hubbard, H. Jöns, H. Pimlott-Wilson. 2010. “Geographies of Education and the Significance of Children, Youth and Families.” Progress in Human Geography 34 (5)] are credible yet neglected life-worlds that can help reconstitute frameworks for understanding cosmopolitanism and citizenship [Harvey, D. 2000. “Cosmopolitanism and the Banality of Geographical Evils.” Public Culture 12 (2)].     

间接谈话中"请求表现方式"的语用学分析

はじめに 日本语の研究が盛んになつてくるに连れて、日本语の勉强も教授法も、文法と文型重视かろ言语的コミュニケ一ション重视へと变わりつつぁる.     

以色列城市化进程中的移民因素

以色列城市化先后经历了自发发展与政府推进两个阶段,在国际移民助推下城市化进程持续推进,城市化水平显著提高,城市布局不断优化。以色列作为世界上典型的移民国家,外来犹太移民不仅是国家建构的基石,也成为以色列城市化持续、快速发展的不竭动力。     

晚清湘学发展的县学因素

湘学在经历了元、明时期的相对沉寂之后,进入了晚清繁盛时期。促成这一时期的繁盛现象,除了学术发展内在的规律及客观环境外,县域人文因素或曰县学的积淀,是重要的元素。新化邓显鹤于湖湘文献特别是船山遗书的收集整理、湘乡曾国藩经世理学士人群体的崛起、浏阳谭嗣同对中西学术的融通,促成了晚清湘学的发展与转型。     

南阳汉画像石的浪漫主义精神

南阳汉画是汉文化的载体,展现了瑰丽奇异的浪漫主义世界。汉画中的神仙世界充满了深刻的寓意和神秘的象征,反映了汉人浓厚的升仙思想,神灵大都以人兽同体的形象出现;人神杂处的世界是一个怪诞奇异、富于幻想的世界;对世俗生活的描绘透露出汉人积极乐观的生活态度。南阳汉画艺术与远古图腾、原始歌舞、商周文明、楚文化等一脉相承,密不可分。     

Signs of sinusitis in times of urbanization in Viking Age-Early Medieval Sweden

The influence and possible negative impact on sinus health of living conditions in rural and urban environments in Viking Age (AD 800–1050) and Early Medieval Sweden (AD 1050–1200) is investigated. Skeletal samples from 32 rural settlements in the Mälaren Valley (AD 750–1200) and burials in the nearby proto-urban port of trade Birka (AD 750–960) are examined. Based on the diagnostic criteria for maxillary sinusitis used in earlier studies, the results show that there is no significant difference in the prevalence of signs of sinusitis between the two materials (i.e. the Mälaren Valley versus Birka). Consequently, this provides no evidence that living in a proto-urban environment had a negative impact on sinus health. However, when compared with previously studied samples from the early medieval town Sigtuna, dated to AD 970–1100, the populations of the Mälaren Valley and Birka show significantly lower frequencies of bone changes interpreted as chronic maxillary sinusitis (95%, 70% and 82% respectively). This implies that the urban environment of Sigtuna could have led to impaired sinus health. There is also a significant difference between males and females in the Birka material, in which more females (100%) than males (68%) were affected. A gender based differentiation in work tasks is suggested by this, or exposure to environmental risk factors that affect sinus health. No difference between males and females could be detected in the samples from the Mälaren Valley and Sigtuna.     

常熟翁同騄纪念馆彩衣堂堂匾修复报告

无色、无光泽、粘结力好、渗透性强的B-72材料适用于土质文物的维修。     

新中国妇女地位的历史巨变

新中国废除了一切歧视、压迫妇女的法律,并赋予女子同男子平等的法律地位,妇女的地位发生了翻天覆地的变化,主要表现为:妇女的政治地位明显提高;妇女获得了经济独立权;妇女受教育水平不断提高;妇女的婚姻家庭地位明显提高;妇女的特殊权益受到保护。虽然受社会发展水平的制约和旧观念的影响,中国妇女的状况还有许多不尽如人意的地方,我们仍然相信未来中国妇女的地位将会更上一层楼。     

南方民间的土地神信仰

南方民间的土地神信仰极为普遍,并由此产生了一系列的民俗民风,文章就此作了系统的概括和初步的讨论。     

20世纪50年代山西老区农村合作制度的变迁

新中国成立初期,选择何种制度安排来推动和保障农村、农业经济的发展成为当时农村工作的重大理论和实践问题,山西老区的农村合作制度变迁是这一历史变迁进程中极具特色的组成部分。山西老区的农业合作化运动是在互助组的基础上发展起来的,初级社适应了当时的农民心理和生产力条件,但在向高级社过渡的时候,由于存在把合作社和集体化等同起来的思想,在方式方法上违背了自愿、民主等原则,出现了严重的"四过"问题,结果虽然高级社顺利建成,但并没有对生产力的发展产生制度性促进。     

六朝时期建康的语言状况辨析

本文根据相关史料,从历史学的角度,对六朝时期建康的语言状况及其所蕴涵的时代信息进行了深入的剖析和探讨。     

上图藏敦煌写卷《黄仕强传》俗字考辨

本文对上图藏敦煌写卷《黄仕强传》中的十五个俗字进行了考辨,认为上图本俗字的使用明显多于浙藏本,其抄写时间当早于浙本。通过对“守文案鬼”一词在不同本子中的使用情况的分析,认为上图本当抄写于明皇之前,浙本等当抄写于明皇时期或明皇之后。     

新中国成立初期的上海里弄整顿

新中国成立初期,作为基层社会管理体制支撑的居民委员会出现了三大危机:组织衰败、劣化、蜕化问题。为此,中国共产党在基层里弄中发动了一场规模宏大的清理整顿工作。在这次整顿工作中,政府通过赋予街居组织以体制支撑,造就了街居组织对非单位人的有效控制;通过对干部、群众的双重清理,传统基层统治权威代表较为彻底地从基层社会权力空间中退出,居民的认同也转向新的街居组织。至此,居委会的效能获得全面提升,政府与居民之间的政治沟通不畅问题迎刃而解,而居委会也因此焕发了生机。     

战后日本人姓名中的汉字使用政策评析

战后日本人姓名中的汉字使用政策问题，是日本汉字研究的一个十分有价值的选题。本文依据大量的一手资料，从政策制定、相关走向和规则演变几个视角，推断出缺乏统一规范是战后日本汉字政策无法摆脱的烦恼的结论。     

Transition in the use of cobalt-blue colorant in the New Kingdom of Egypt

Cobalt-blue colorant was first used in the 18th Dynasty in the New Kingdom of Egypt. The source of this cobalt was cobaltiferous alum from the Western Oases of Egypt. The use of this alum, especially in glass, was suddenly limited at the end of the 18th Dynasty. There is little evidence of the production of cobalt-blue glass in the Ramesside Period (the 19th–20th Dynasties) in the New Kingdom of Egypt. In this study, we brought a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to two archaeological sites located in the Memphite region and used it for onsite analyses of Ramesside cobalt blue-colored glasses and faiences. This method revealed that the compositional characteristics of the cobalt-blue colorant in these Ramesside glasses and faiences is different from the colorant derived from cobaltiferous alum used in the 18th Dynasty, based on the comparison of transition metal composition and alumina content with those of the cobalt blue-colored artifacts from the 18th Dynasty. This result suggests that a new cobalt source other than cobaltiferous alum from the Western Oases was utilized in Egypt during the Ramesside Period.     

宋瓷铭文中的佛教世俗化倾向

本文通过对宋代瓷器铭文中有关佛教内容的分析,结合佛教在中国流传的历史过程,阐述宋代佛教的世俗化倾向。尽管目前所知的与佛教有关的宋代瓷器铭文资料十分有限,难以全面解答佛教在中国的世俗化问题,但铭文中的内容却无可非议地昭示着佛教进入普通平民的生活后,那种大众化、实用化、民俗化的特征。