CAROLINA BAYS: TIME CAPSULES OF CULTURE AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Abstract

We synthesize results of extensive archaeological surveys and geoarchaeological investigations of Carolina bays and other depressional wetlands on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site (SRS). The SRS is located along the Savannah River in the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. These data are augmented with data from Carolina bays elsewhere within their middle to south Atlantic Coastal Plain range. Carolina bays are shallow, oriented upland ponds that formed during the late Pleistocene under climatic conditions very different from present. Their use by prehistoric populations was most intensive during the Paleoindian and Archaic periods. Subsequent use by Woodland and Mississippian populations tended to be ephemeral. Change through time in the prehistoric use of Carolina bays and other depressional wetlands is linked to regional-scale changes in climate, particularly to the hydrologic regime.     

小珠山上层文化分期与年代研究

目 次 一 相关材料文化属性的几点说明 二 四平山积石墓出土材料的分组研究 三 其他遗址发现的小珠山上层文化遗存的分组研究 四 文化分期与年代判断 小珠山上层文化是一支分布于辽东南部地区的新石器时代晚期的考古学文化,因1978年发掘的小珠山遗址上层遗存而得名.二十世纪初,日本学者于辽东南部地区的调查中采集到部分该文化的遗物[1].二十世纪四十年代初又发掘了上马石、四平山、文家屯等遗址[2],出土了较丰富的遗物,由于这几批材料迟迟未能发表,影响了学术界对该文化的正确认识.新中国成立后,中国学者于二十世纪六十年代前后在大连市(原称旅大市)调查采集到部分该文化的遗物,并注意到其与山东龙山文化的紧密联系[3].直到二十世纪七十年代,随着大连郭家村和长海小珠山、上马石、蛎碴岗、南窑等遗址的发掘[4],对这类遗存才有了一定的了解,发掘者遂将以小珠山上层和郭家村上层为代表的遗存正式命名为"小珠山上层文化"[5],同时,也有学者称之为"郭家村上层遗存"[6].在发掘材料陆续发表之后,学者对该文化进行了广泛的讨论,但辽东南部地区出土的这类遗存的性质、年代等问题仍存在诸多分歧,关于其分期问题的研究也未深入展开.     

A TOWN AT THE CROSSROADS: SITE-WIDE GRADIOMETRY SURVEYING AND MAPPING AT OLD TOWN RIDGE SITE (3CG41) IN NORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS

Abstract

Gradiometry survey at the Old Town Ridge (3CG41) site, a stockaded Middle Mississippian period town in the central Mississippi River Valley of Arkansas, demonstrates the efficacy of a broad-coverage, site-encompassing remote sensing methodology for initial interpretation of intrasite organization and complexity. Site access, time constraints, deep plow furrows, and cotton plant “stubble” associated with ongoing agriculture at the site defer the efficient use of a site-wide multisensor prospection methodology. However, a gradiometry survey identified multiple anomalies consistent with prehistoric structures, earthworks, earthquake liquefaction, and other interpreted features encompassed within the remains of a 7-ha, rectangular enclosure. Aerial photography, topography, and preliminary archaeological ground truthing provided additional information for analysis and interpretation.     

THE TIME OF POLITICS,THE POLITICS OF TIME,AND POLITICIZED TIME: AN INTRODUCTION TO CHRONOPOLITICS

Time is so deeply interwoven with all aspects of politics that its centrality to the political is frequently overlooked. For one, politics has its own times and rhythms. Secondly, time can be an object and an instrument of politics. Thirdly, temporal attributes are used not only to differentiate basic political principles but also to legitimize or delegitimize politics. Finally, politics aims at realizing futures in the present or preventing them from materializing. Consequently, the relationship between politics and time encompasses a broad spectrum of phenomena and processes that cry out for historicization. In our introduction to this History and Theory theme issue on chronopolitics, we argue that the concept of chronopolitics makes it possible to do this and, in the process, to move the operation of rethinking historical temporalities from the periphery toward the center of historiographical attention as well as to engage in a dialogue with scholars from a wide range of disciplines. To this end, we propose a broad concept of chronopolitics by discussing existing definitions, by distinguishing between three central dimensions of chronopolitics (the time of politics, the politics of time, and politicized time), and by systematizing possible approaches to studying chronopolitics.     

NORTH AND SOUTH AT THE END OF THE MYCENAEAN AGE: ASPECTS OF AN OLD PROBLEM

Summary. The end of the Mycenaean age calls for an explanation outside the immediate Aegean area. The evidence is more likely to come from changes in habit than in the importation of objects of bronze or pottery. In order to understand events it is necessary to look beyond Greek frontiers to the Danube and Balkans. Among important changes are those in fighting tactics with a return to the sword in the Aegean and new workshop practice in Europe with more bronze forging against casting. Evidence for actual arrival of people is never likely to be conclusive; various alternatives are considered.     

2. ON ISLAMIC TIME: RETHINKING CHRONOLOGY IN THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MUSLIM SOCIETIES

This article argues that the academic representation of Islamic history as a single timeline, which was established in the nineteenth century and continues to predominate to the present, is a primary issue restricting fruitful readings of Islamic historical materials. Utilizing insights in thinking about history that favor multiple temporalities, I suggest that scholars in Islamic studies can expand the possibilities of their work by paying attention to the diversity of ways in which time is conceptualized within original materials. As illustrations for the rethinking I advocate, I provide readings of the structures and literary affects of three Persian works in different genres, produced circa 1490–1540 ce . I suggest that a foundational reorientation in the field of Islamic historiography has the potential to help us break out of binds identified in the critique of orientalism provided by Edward Said and others and would lead to better ways to approach developments in Muslim societies.     

河南邓州八里岗遗址出土仰韶时期动物遗存研究

目 次 一 居址中的动物遗存 二 墓葬与祭祀坑中的猪下颌骨分析 三 结论 八里岗遗址位于河南邓州市区东约4公里的白庄村北,该遗址是南阳地区一处重要的新石器时代遗址.该遗址出土了丰富的仰韶、屈家岭和石家河等文化的动物遗存,并发现少量前仰韶时期的动物骨骼.本文主要通过仰韶文化时期动物遗存和前仰韶时期动物遗存的研究,探讨这一时期的生业和葬仪等问题. 八里岗遗址出土的仰韶文化时期动物遗存主要分为两类.第一类出土于地层、灰坑和房址中,这类遗存与人类日常生活密切相关,性质上属于"生活垃圾",与人类的生业活动直接相关,在一定程度上反映了仰韶时期的动物生业模式,包括人类获取动物资源的种类与方式、家猪饲养状况等.第二类集中出土于墓葬和祭祀坑中,一般认为此类遗存与人们的仪式性活动密切相关,反映了动物的社会意义或文化意义,八里岗遗址此类遗存十分丰富,墓葬和祭祀坑中出土了大量猪下颌骨,为探讨猪在仪式性活动中的作用以及仰韶时期家猪饲养状况提供了契机.     

A TIME OF CHANGE: THE IRON AGE TO ROMAN MONETARY TRANSITION IN EAST ANGLIA

Summary. The majority of Icenian coin hoards have traditionally been dated to the historical events of the Boudican revolt. This paper removes that link and examines the material using classical numismatic methods to show that far from all being of one date they represent a series of depositions throughout the period of the client kingdom: AD 43–60/1. It also demonstrates the gradual increase in use of Roman coins within that kingdom alongside the local Iron Age series.     

THE SOVEREIGNTY OF MODERN TIMES: DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF TIME AND THE MODERNIST PERSPECTIVE

Given World and Time is a collection of essays that summarizes much of the recent work on the theory of time, including cultural, political, and social conceptualizations of temporality. The grounding narrative of this collection, roughly stated, leads from the German and German‐Jewish ideas of a temporality of crisis developed in the 1920s, to the French poststructuralism of the 1960s and 1970s, and concludes with the American syntheses of the 1980s and 1990s. Methodologically, the book weaves together different historical narratives with a new emphasis on their temporal dimension, all seen from the perspective of critical theory and recent cultural critique. However, it is interesting to point out that the majority of the articles do not challenge the classic critical tools of modernism, in spite of the frequent reference to poststructuralist critique. The volume editor has also not acknowledged more recent work that treats similar topics and themes through the application of a radical political critique, most significantly the work associated with biopolitics and the so‐called theological turn.