A Late 13th and Early 14th-Century Tile Factory at Danbury,Essex

THE EXCAVATION of a practically complete medieval tile factory, in operation between c. 1275/85 and 1325/35, is described. The establishment comprised three buildings, interpreted as workmen's accommodation (A), a workshop (B), and a drying shed (C), together with two kilns, within a ditched roadside enclosure. The kilns were of the normal type, with two parallel flues; one had a walled stokepit reached by a tile staircase. The methods of tile manufacture and firing are discussed, the conclusions being partially supported by experimental evidence. The patterns of the decorated tiles are seen as derivatives of the Chertsey-Westminster School, mostly via the 13th-century ‘Central Essex Group’; a relationship with Penn is also suggested. Distribution of Danbury products is largely confined to the Chelmer valley, but a waterborne distribution is suggested by a group of floor tiles from Virginia Water, Surrey.     

Excavations at Tilbury Fort,Essex

Tilbury Fort is situated on the N. bank of the Thames 25 miles doumstream from London (TQ 651 754) (FIG. 1). It is the best preserved example of late 17th-century military engineering in England and has been in guardianship since 1950. Plans by the Department of the Environment to alter the visitor access to the site from the riverfront to the landward approach necessitated excavations to establish the original construction of the earthworks, redan and ravelin and to identify the routes and levels of the roadways. Excavations were undertaken in 1973 by Jerry Pratt, concentrating on the ravelin, and in 1980 by the Passmore Edwards Museum. The results of both excavations are presented in this report.     

茂陵砖瓦图饰与西汉五铢钱文

茂陵是汉武帝刘彻的陵墓。自二十世纪六十、七十年代以来,在茂陵及其附近的来祁寨、北吴、窦马、上官道、齐家坡等村陆续发现了大量汉代珍贵文物,其中的云气纹瓦当、地相纹方砖、五行乳纹饰空心砖以及西汉五铢铜钱皆反映了古代先民崇尚＂天＂＂地＂的思想观念,它们除了各自的实用价值之外,皆为古人用以表现自己心目中＂天＂与＂地＂的文化载体,是艺术性与思想性相统一的典范,为研究汉代砖瓦制作工艺和当时人们的审美、道德乃至中国古代阴阳五行、＂天圆地方＂之思想观念提供了重要的实物资料。     

广东曲江白土下乡宋窑发掘简报

曲江县白土下乡宋窑经过发掘清理,出土了一批宋时期风格的陶瓷器物和窑具,丰富了对当时粤北地区陶瓷制作业的认识,为研究当地宋窑的形制特点提供了重要的实物资料,尤其是窑内出土的各式精美的浮雕莲瓣炉极具特色,为研究北宋时期粤北佛教的兴盛提供了一个难得的辅证。     

Excavation of a Medieval Bridge at Waltham Abbey,Essex, in 1968

THE single-arch bridge over the lower mill stream at Waltham Abbey was excavated in advance of roadworks. The bridge had three double-chamfered ribs set skew to the abutments. The springers were of Caen stone; the ribs and ashlar facing of the abutments were of Kentish ragstone. The abutments were set on oak sill-plates and staggered rows of elm piles. Bank revetting and coffer-dam timbers were also found. The bridge is compared with the near-by single-arch Stony Bridge. A mid 14th-century date is established by dendrochronology. Documentary study has enabled phases in the development of the watercourse system to be postulated.     

老河口市柴店岗砖厂汉代窑址清理简报

1999年,老河口市博物馆配合柴店岗砖厂取土,抢救清理了1座西汉中晚期陶窑。窑为半地穴式建筑,3个烟囱,主要由窑前室、火门、火膛、窑床等构成。窑室东部低洼地堆积有丰富的窑内废弃物,主要有日用陶器、丧葬用陶、生产工具、建筑仞陶等。此窑应为专门烧制日用陶器、丧葬用陶及建筑用陶的民营私窑。     

An 18th-Century Mansion,a Fishpond,and Post-Medieval Finds from St. Neots,Huntingdonshire

Abstract

The remains of Hall Place, St. Neots, a late 17th- or early 18th-century house facing Church Street, were encountered during the excavation of an Anglo-Saxon settlement in 1961. Hall place had been built over the site of a large timber-lined cutting, perhaps a fishpond, which had been filled up with domestic rubbish and demolition debris during the course of the 16th century. The fishpond contained a large group of finds including both local and imported pottery, metalwork and leather objects. Pits, wells and other late and post-medieval structures and features were also found in the garden areas behind Hall Place and other Church Street houses.     

The Excavation of a Brick Clamp at Shotesham St. Mary,Norfolk, 1969

Abstract

Rescue excavations in the small village of Llanmaes investigated an area of earthworks indicating the presence of several buildings. Medieval evidence was largely confined to finds. Three late 17th-century properties were examined; it is possible that they represent a planned development on the east side of the village green in response to population expansion in the Vale of Glamorgan. The buildings are of simple two-roomed plan, and would appear to be tenements of low status. One of the buildings produced evidence of smithying. A large group of metal finds of agricultural and domestic use was found, as was a closely-dated assemblage of wine bottles; a large midden deposit on the north edge of the site contained a very large group of post-medieval pottery. The buildings were abandoned by the end of the 18th century, presumably following rationalization of the local settlement morphology and farming. Thus the site represents a short-lived expansion in low-status rural housing at the time of the ‘Great Rebuilding’.     

近年来景德镇元代青花窑址调查与研究

本文对2000年以前景德镇元代青花窑址考古调查的历史进行了简要总结,对2000年以后在景德镇老城区城市改造中揭示出来的小港嘴、落马桥、电磁厂—刘家弄、戴家弄、小黄家弄—桂花弄(十八桥)、四图里(半边街)等六处元代青花窑址及其出土的部分元青花瓷器进行了介绍。作者根据窑址调查和考古资料,对景德镇元青花窑址的基本分布情况、景德镇元代青花瓷器生产的鼎盛时期及景德镇元青花瓷器是否存在官窑等问题进行了论述。     

Colonial survey records and the vegetation of Essex County,Ontario

This paper uses the earliest colonial records for Essex County to establish and map the ingredients of the forest at European contact. It does so in the context of the work both of P. F. Maycock, the modern botanist, and the records of the colonial surveyors. It uses Maycock's thesis of the relationship of individual species to the soil moisture series. The paper establishes what the surveyors considered “good” and “poor” land, maps vegetation areas which the settlers may have discerned and offers statistical evidence for the idea that they, using the prevailing forest lore, could identify the better lands with a minimum knowledge of tree species. Specific references in the historical record suggest that these relationships were valid.     

罗田蔡家湾元代砖室墓发掘简报

蔡家湾墓地是湖北首次发现的有明确纪年的带壁龛元代砖室墓,可分为北、中、南三室,人字形尖顶结构较为罕见。墓室底部及壁龛内出土了陶瓶、陶罐、瓷豆、瓷碗、陶碟、铁剪刀等17件重要遗物,为研究元代葬俗和南方制瓷工艺提供了重要的实物资料。     

临水窑与介休窑白底彩绘工艺的对比研究

白底黑花装饰风格的瓷器,始终是陶瓷、科技界和陶瓷爱好者关注的热点。临水窑(磁州窑)与介休窑白底黑花风格的瓷器之间有着密切的联系,但是对于两窑产品的科技分析甚少,至于两者的对比研究更是无从谈起。因此,本工作利用岩相分析、SEM-EDS等方法分析了临水窑(磁州窑)、介休窑样品的瓷胎、化妆土及瓷釉的化学成分和显微结构。比较分析显示,两窑样品的瓷胎均为低硅高铝配方,且介休窑瓷胎中的Al2O3含量更高;两窑瓷胎粗糙,Fe2O3、TiO2含量较高,致使其呈浅黄色。瓷胎表面均施有化妆土,所不同的是,介休窑的瓷胎表面施有两层化妆土,其靠近釉的一层化妆土(h2),Fe2O3、TiO2含量极低,靠近胎的一层化妆土(h1),Fe2O3、TiO2含量较高;临水窑样品的瓷胎表面仅施一层化妆土,其Fe2O3、TiO2含量较低,但高于介休窑近釉层化妆土中的相应含量。介休窑瓷釉为典型的高钙釉,而临水窑则为典型的碱钙釉和钙碱釉。不难认识到,介休窑似在临水窑白底黑花及化妆土工艺的基础上,因地制宜,勇于创新,形成了成本低廉、技术先进的两层化妆土工艺,在当地原料较为粗糙的条件下,生产出质量较好的白底釉下彩绘瓷器。