RECALCULATING MOUND VOLUME AT MOUNDVILLE

Abstract

Volume is a critical measure in quantifying differences among earthen mounds. Previous methods for measuring mound volume are prone to error by oversimplifying the symmetry of earthworks. However, the wide availability of contouring software has made it simpler to calculate volume. The results obtained using a computerized technique referred to as the gridding method are compared with previous mound volume estimates at Moundville. The outcome shows that volumes calculated using the gridding method are much smaller than the original estimates. Inflation of the volume of earthen mounds may lead to misrepresentations regarding the degree of sociopolitical organization that existed at Moundville and at other prehistoric mound-building societies in the southeastern United States.     

THE GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH

The chairman of the Department of Biogeography at Moscow University offers a classification of diseases based on the impact of environmental hazards. All diseases may be broken down into two basic groups: hereditary diseases, some of which may be related to environmental influences of the past, and so-called exogenous diseases, related to contemporary environmental hazards, both natural and technogenic (related to human activity). Diseases related to the impact of the natural environment may be further subdivided into diseases linked to geophysical factors (heatstroke, frostbite), geochemical factors (endemic goiter, urinary calculus), nutrition (kwashiorkor), poisonous plants and animals, living pathogens, and physical injuries due to natural hazards. The subgroup of diseases (infections and infestations) caused by living pathogens is further subdivided in terms of anthroponoses (diseases peculiar to man) and zoonoses (those common to man and animals) and in terms of the existence of intermediate hosts and carriers.     

UNEMPLOYMENT AND MENTAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN SERVICE POLICY*

The psychiatric impact of involuntary job loss is evaluated in this paper in light of the attitude among some policy makers that contemporary unemployment is associated with minimal personal costs. Research bearing directly and indirectly on the mental health consequences of job loss is reviewed. Preliminary findings from an ongoing study of family and personal impacts of job loss in which this writer is engaged are also presented. The collective evidence of at least selective psychiatric effects of unemployment is then examined for its implications for human service policy especially in relation to the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of mental illness.     

基于不同尺度的关天经济区人口格局时空变化特征与差异

以关天经济区为案例地,运用空间统计工具,将市、县、镇三个尺度的人口空间变化纳入统一的分析框架,探究不同尺度的人口时空格局及影响机制,分析尺度间差异。研究表明：①在人口空间格局上,市级层面西安市是经济区人口分布的核心;县级层面区域人口沿渭河呈带状分布格局;镇级层面人口以西安为中心沿交通轴线向外围递减;②经济区人口格局整体呈现空间集聚趋势,并在各尺度间表现出明显差异。在市级层面,区域人口加速向西安集中;在县级层面,人口主要向地级市市区集中;在镇级层面,出现两种人口集聚路径：一是地级市市区内,人口大量向近郊集聚,中心城区人口快速缩减,郊区化特征明显,二是在市区外围,人口明显向各县城集聚,绝大多数乡镇人口下降。     

POPULATION GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING

Population geographers are urged to get involved in the program of socio-economic planning that is expected to supplement the present economic planning process in the Soviet Union. So far socio-economic plans have been drawn up only for a few large cities like Moscow, Leningrad and Sverdlovsk. In general, there is a need for integrating the social planning process with purely economic planning, and to supplement the present sectoral planning system with an integrated system of spatial planning entities. At the present time, city and regional plans are derived by simply collating sectoral data at the city and regional level rather than by a separate integrated spatial planning procedure. A system of intra-oblast regions, or okrugs, numbering perhaps 500 or more, is recommended as a new level suitable both for government administration and for socio-economic planning.     

PEACEFUL LIBERATION AND POPULATION GROWTH

The peaceful liberation of Tibetin 1951 is a milestone inTibetan history. It meant theend of feudal serfdom andthe emancipation of a million serfs andslaves. And, alongside with economicand social development, this also meantthe Tibetan population being able togrow after some 1,000 years of being ata standstill.POPULATION IN HISTORY. As nocensus had been conducted in Tibet forcenturies prior to 1951, there was noexact data with regard to the Tibetanpopulation. All that was available …     

BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SUBSISTENCE AND HEALTH AT THE LAKE GEORGE SITE,MISSISSIPPI (22YZ557)

Abstract

Bioarchaeological investigations of subsistence and health were conducted on a skeletal population from the Lake George site (22YZ557), a large prehistoric settlement in the lower Yazoo basin of west-central Mississippi. Subsistence is inferred from oral health indicators (including dental caries, calculus, periodontal disease, abscesses, antemortem tooth loss, and macrowear) and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from bone collagen and apatite. Health is inferred from nonspecific indicators (including cranial porous lesions, enamel hypoplasias, and Harris lines). The sample includes 25 adults and 25 subadults, all of which date to the Coles Creek period (A.D. 700–1200). Frequencies of all pathological conditions are reported for the entire sample and divided by sex and age for adults. Results indicate a heavy pathology load at Lake George, but one that is not dissimilar to other Coles Creek populations. Isotope values indicate a diet that included primarily C3 plants (δ¹³C_Col = ?21.03‰, δ¹³C_Ap-Diet = ?22.06) and terrestrial protein (δ¹⁵N = 9.72‰). The sources of nonspecific pathologies are attributed to stressors associated with increasing population density and cultural complexity that occurred during the Coles Creek period.     

SMOKING AND HEALTH IN INDONESIA

Indonesia is one of the top five tobacco-consuming countries in the world (Ng et al. 2006). Most Indonesians consider cigarette-smoking socially acceptable (Aditama 2002). This study seeks to determine the extent to which the three theoretical debates identified by Pampel and Rogers (2004) are applicable in Indonesia. The empirical work of this study will be based on the 2000 Indonesian Family and Life Survey (2000 IFLS). The main conclusion from the regression analyses is that the effect of smoking on health is similar across all the socio-economic characteristics at the individual, household and community levels. Overall, multivariate analyses suggest that an additive relationship between socio-economic status and health, and the health impact of smoking in Indonesia, reflect neither the forces of the Blaxter nor social vulnerability hypotheses. The analyses of 2000 IFLS also suggest that marriage has beneficial effects on health and smoking-related morbidity.     

POPULATION POLICY RESEARCH AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

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BEYOND INTERMARRIAGE: THE ROLE OF THE INDIGENOUS ITALIC POPULATION AT PITHEKOUSSAI

Debate has long raged over the nature and extent of contact and cooperation between the Greeks and the Levantines at the site of Pithekoussai on the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy. The native Italic population, however, has been largely overlooked or viewed as a marginal or fringe element. Italic fibula types, which are found extensively in the cemetery, have been traditionally interpreted as evidence for the intermarriage of Italic females into the colonial settlement. This concept has limited our understanding of the role or impact of the Italic population at the site, effectively obscuring any more nuanced or balanced interpretations of their activity. A detailed analysis of several tombs from Pithekoussai, which contained iron tools or instruments, indicates that the Italic population was more actively involved in the creation of material culture at the site than has previously been supposed. Parallels for the practice are found widely on the Italic mainland and have often been associated with elite customs or funerary rituals. The presence of such practices at the site of Pithekoussai indicates the active impact of the native Italic population and the dynamic effect that diverse members of the community had on the creation and promulgation of a uniquely Pithekoussan identity.     

REGIONAL PREDICTION OF POPULATION AND ETHNIC PROCESSES

The forecasting of future trends of population, as a key component of spatial systems, has been assuming increasing significance in Soviet planning. The predictive models now being used do not take adequate account of ethnic processes such as changes in ethnic self-identification. Such changes are usually associated with the offspring of mixed marriages, which in turn are a function of the frequency of ethnic contacts. A model is proposed for measuring the theoretical probability of an ethnic group entering into interethnic contacts as a function of its share in the total population of a region. The theoretical curve is tested against the actual share of births in ethnically mixed marriages. The frequency of mixed marriages is also related to a mosaic index of ethnic composition of a region.