历史上黄海海域的经贸活动与跨国合作机制

本文认为,古代黄海海域的国际贸易活动,不是朝贡贸易因素所致,而是互市制度的结果。不过,明清王朝与朝鲜、琉球等国间的封贡关系,却为黄海海域事务的跨国合作提供了可靠机制。当时,双方当事国以"咨"文通报的形式,对越境捕鱼和海洋跨国犯罪等行为合作予以禁止与打击。而古代东亚诸国所实施的海难救助制度,不仅援救方对海难者提供义务性援救,而且通过封贡关系途径安全护送他们归国。进入近代以后,清朝与朝鲜之间签订《中朝商民水陆贸易章程》,将西方的海难方承担救助费用的精神引入到条约。但在执行过程中,清朝方面仍以义务方式援救朝鲜难民,而朝鲜却屡屡发生中国难民被抢甚至被杀的情况;两国的渔业章程也一直搁浅。显然,中韩关系在从传统向近代的转型过程中,两国在黄海海域跨国合作机制却因西势东渐而受到损害。     

城市土地国有规定的由来

1982年12月4日,五届全国人大五次会议通过了新修订的《中华人民共和国宪法》。与之前的历部宪法相比,这部宪法的一个突出特点是,首次对土地所有权制度进行了明确规定,并增加了"城市的土地属于国家所有"(第十条第一款)这一条款。对于这一规定,当时的人们并没有给予高度关注,也没有认真考虑其可能带来的后果。然而,随着1987年以后城市土地逐步的"市     

曲亭马琴批点《明板水浒后传序评》解析

小说评点是中国古代小说理论中的重要形式。这种形式传到日本以后,为一些日本学者、小说理论家所接受,他们也开始进行小说评点,而最开始的评点对象是中国小说。日本学者的中国小说评点有其独特性,但也存在若干不足。本文通过对一部具有代表性的作品——"曲亭马琴评点《明板水浒后传序评》"的解析,指出该评本具有如下特点:重解说考订,轻艺术评论;存在因中日语言、文化差异导致的误读误解;因当时中日资讯传播渠道欠畅通产生认识错误等。而这些通常也是当时日本小说评点的普遍状况。     

印度教与印度社会

一五世纪印度社会出现了封建采邑,许多自由农民变成依附农民,手工业者也处于依附地位。种姓制度在封建社会有了新的发展,而更加复杂和顽固。印度社会矛盾也十分激烈。“在公元六世纪时,印度的封建制度终于形成了,佛教和婆罗门教融合以后形成的印度教,在当时的印度社会占了上风,佛教中的密宗因与印度教比较接近而有了一些增长。但总的来说佛教在印度的势力从六世纪以后是在下降的。”正是在这个历史时期,出现和发展了印度教。印度教承袭了婆罗门教的种姓制度及其教义;印度教又吸     

思想的落后才是真正的落后

李鸿章等人在借洋枪队镇压太平天国运动中领略了铁甲洋炮的厉害,也看到了世界在变."欧洲诸国,百十年来,由印度而南洋,由南洋而中国,闯入边界腹地,凡前史所未载,亘古所未通,无不款关而求互市……此三千余年的大变局也."     

清初汉军及其牛录探源

本文旨在研究清初汉军八旗的诸多疑难问题。认为努尔哈赤时期汉族官兵多是“随旗”行走,随旗汉人与旗人不应混淆。入旗汉人载体是包衣等内牛录,对16个外牛录提出质疑;认定六甲喇诞生于天聪朝,是旧汉兵组织。汉军旗诞生时间不是天聪五年,是天聪八年;汉军八旗及其牛录制度的完善化是崇德七年;“三顺王”与续顺公所部“归并”汉军旗,但当时未曾编组牛录。     

清末民初蒙古地区的中俄贸易

俄国与中国蒙古地区的贸易是随着俄国人的东渐开始的。据《俄罗斯互市始末》记载:“我朝崇德三年(1639年),喀尔喀土谢图汗贡物有俄罗斯鸟枪,车臣汗贡献亦有俄罗斯鸟枪。盖此二部地居岭北,因以市易所易献诸天府也,可知谦河菊海之间早有通商之事”①。喀尔喀蒙古土谢图汗和车臣汗部居贝加尔湖和额尔古纳河之间。由此断定,最迟在17世     

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新中国建国大典最早选定在哈尔滨举行你知道毛泽东和中共中央最早选定在哪里举行新中国建国大典吗?既不是古都北平,也不是南京、西安,而是著名的“东方莫斯科”哈尔滨。哈尔滨是当时中国东北最大的商品市场和物资集散地,也是中国解放最早的大城市,一直是中共中央东北局、东北行政委员会所在地,为东北解放区的政治、经济和文化中心。考虑到哈尔滨是当时最安全的大城市,与苏联最近,便于取得苏联的支援和帮助,毛泽东和中共中央特地批准哈尔滨为特别市,准备在这里宣布建立新中国。1948年4月30日,毛泽东向全国发出召开新政治协商会议、…     

赤峰 牧歌响起

赤峰是因城区东北有一座赭红色的山峰一红山而得名。举世闻名的红山文化就因首先在赤峰红山发现而命名。赤峰历史悠久,文化源远流长,是我国北方文明的摇篮,被考古学界称为中华文明曙光升起的地方。     

避暑山庄博物馆藏乾隆款轿瓶

<正> 避暑山庄博物馆馆藏有大量的清乾隆帝御用瓷器,其中有不少品种多样、造型精美、装饰华丽的乾隆款轿瓶,很具有代表性。本文拟就造型、彩釉、图案花纹、功用及分期等方面对这些轿瓶作一简述; 一、造型: 轿瓶在明万历年间就已出现,因当时不为统治者重视而制作得很少。直至清乾隆年间,由于乾隆帝本人的嗜好才开始大量制作,以后各朝均有产品,但数量有限,保存下来的也不多。因此我们认为清乾隆时期应该是轿瓶生产的全盛时期。我馆所保存的这批乾隆款轿瓶造型新颖别致,品种丰富多样,由于是按瓶、尊、罐类缩样制作,又可分为瓶、罐、尊     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the