梓潼天字山密林中发现“魏公寺碑”

１９９７年１２月,笔者同梓潼县副县长孙滔、梓潼政协文史委赵荣先、仇昌仲等在天字山近山顶处发现“魏公寺碑”。该地,密林掩盖之下有４０平方米的石砌围墙,石墙上半截早已倒塌,尚存８公寸左右高的石墙基础。“魏公寺碑”在石墙中央,碑高２．２米（不算碑基）,宽０．７５米,厚０．１米,碑盖与刻字的碑身是整体,碑顶呈弧形,碑盖部分正面是精雕的二龙戏珠,碑盖背面是林中奔鹿。碑的周围的石围墙内,乱石堆集,扫开泥土和枝桠,发现有石雕人像、（有佛象）石香炉、黄色筒瓦、石碉圆柱等,但多断折倒伏。此碑是大清乾隆四十九年岁次…     

西藏洛扎县吉堆墓地与吐蕃摩崖刻石考古调查简报

吉堆墓地位于西藏自治区山南地区洛扎县,调查确认墓葬68座,殉牲坑36座,石墙1道,是洛扎县境内及周边地区发现的唯一一处大型吐蕃墓地。墓葬平面呈梯形,夯土包石砌筑。墓地附近的两处古藏文刻石提供了墓地营建、管理及相关历史背景等方面的重要信息,表明吉堆墓地是吐蕃王朝时期敕封到洛扎东岱的高级贵族得乌琼及其家族成员的墓葬群。     

川西北高原地区藏族传统石砌民居环境适应性研究

民居对环境的适应性不仅表现在对地质、地形、气候等自然环境的适应,还表现在对民族环境、历史环境及社会环境的适应上。川西北高原地区藏族传统石砌民居对环境的适应性主要表现有：民居选址常为距水源较近、耕作半径小、地势趋缓且能避风向阳的地块;布局多为三或四层,各层功能相异;建筑大都就地取材,选择承重性、保温性和耐久性等较好的石材作为主要建筑材料,同时以粘性较强的黄土作为石材间的粘合剂;力求整体性、稳定性的结构体系与墙身形态体现出对抗震与安全的需求;石墙的砌筑、门窗的设置既是出于防寒的考虑,也发挥防御的功能;功能分区、形式和装饰方面则突出其鲜明的藏民族文化特色。     

赤峰市松山区三座店遗址2005年度发掘简报

三座店遗址位于赤峰市西北40公里,松山区初头朗镇三座店行政村三座店自然村阴河左岸洞子山上。遗址分布在洞子山山顶及南坡,最高处海拔730米,西侧是临河断崖,北侧与阴河东岸的山岗相连接,南侧和东侧为沟谷冲积的平川地。2005年7月至11月,为了配合内蒙古赤峰市三座店水利枢纽工程建设,内蒙古文物考古研究所对三座店遗址进行了抢救性发掘(图一)。该遗址由大小两座并列的石城组成,大城在西,小城在东。大城西面是陡崖,东、北两面有石砌的城墙,南面是陡长的坡。从山顶高处直达南侧坡底约140多米范围内,都有遗迹分布,东西宽度从断崖到石墙最宽处可…     

积石山下的砌石人

道帏隆巴的石砌技艺藏族的石砌建筑远可追溯至吐蕃时期的雍布拉康,近可见到高原各地的普通民宅,这些远远近近的碉楼式建筑,演绎着藏民族石砌历史的传承与发展。石砌建筑,这与多山多石的高原自然环境有着密切的联系。干百年来,石砌作为专门用石块来进行修垒的建筑方式,在整个藏区既普遍存在而又千姿百态。地处积石山脉脚下道帏隆巴的石砌技艺是其中之一。该地方是一个多山多石农牧相间的沟壑,     

山东抗日十勇士 青松长荫马石山

山东牟平县有座马石山,山前坡有一道半人高的石墙,石墙里有块平地叫平顶寨,平顶寨上直立着一棵伞状的平顶松。夏天来到山上的人,总愿在平顶松下歇脚、乘     

2009年新疆巴里坤石人子沟遗址F2发掘报告

2009年,西北大学丝绸之路文化遗产保护与考古学研究中心在在哈密地区文物局与巴里坤县文物局的协助下,发掘了石人子沟遗址Ⅲ区一座战国晚期至西汉早期的小型石围居址.居址为四面石墙的半地穴式结构、石墙内侧有14个柱洞,居址内发现有活动面、烧面、灰堆、灰坑等遗迹.出土遗物包括陶器、骨器、石器、料器和玛瑙料等类,其中成组出现、保存完好的穿孔骨甲在东天山地区尚属首次发现.该居址的发掘为揭示东天山地区考古学文化面貌提供了许多重要线索.     

北齐荷叶坪—王家岔9段长城保护技术措施探析

长城遗产保护日益得到重视。目前多种病害严重威胁荷叶坪—王家岔9段长城的整体稳定,遵循不改变文物原状和最小干预的原则,在科学论证和实验的基础上,采取灌木清理现状保护及局部择砌、补砌、拆砌和灌浆加固等技术措施予以有效保护,并为北齐石砌长城遗存保护提供示范和指导。     

山西明长城

正墙体是长城组成的最重要部分,在山西境内,各镇所属长城依防守地段的不同,大多采取就近取材的方式,分别建有砖墙、石墙、夯土墙、铲山墙、山险墙等多种类型。其中,大同镇所属墙体除主要地段、关门、敌楼包砖外,大多采用夯土构筑而成,山西镇所属墙体则以内部夯土外部包砖的形式为主,而真保镇长城则以太行天险为主,仅在主要地段、关口垒砌石墙和建造相对密集的空心敌台为主要特点。     

四川马尔康市直波西碉楼倾斜测量及成因分析

马尔康直波西碉楼是川西藏族松散石砌高耸碉楼的典型代表,通过采用测角测距法和三维模型法两种倾斜测量方法,最终确定了西碉楼总高40.575米,倾斜方向107°22′(东南17°22′),总偏移1.889米,整体倾斜率为46.57‰。与规范允许倾斜率(4‰)相较,西碉楼倾斜率严重超限。采用综合工程地质勘察定性分析和建筑结构力学定量计算方法,确定了碉楼倾斜的首要影响因素为不均匀沉降,其倾斜变形加剧的重要诱发因素为地震和风雨作用,明确了直波西碉楼倾斜发生发展的机理,为类似松散石砌高耸建筑物的倾斜成因机理研究和纠倾加固设计提供了技术思路和系统的工作方法。     

2002年度香港西贡沙下遗址C02区和DⅡ02区考古发掘简报

20 0 2年 ,香港古物古迹办事处和河南省文物考古研究所联合在香港发掘西贡沙下遗址 ,发掘面积达 70 0平方米。发现有新石器时代晚期、青铜时代和宋元代的遗存。遗迹中属新石器时代晚期有房址、灰坑等 ,青铜时代有房址、灰坑、石器制造场、灰沟等 ,宋元代有灰坑。遗物中有不同时代的石器、陶器、硬陶器、瓷器、釉陶器等。     

The conservation and management of mudbrick buildings at Tell Qasile,Israel

Abstract

Tell Qasile, in the area of the Eretz Israel Museum in north Tel Aviv, is the location of a small town founded in the twelfth century BCE. The site has significant importance for the study of various aspects of the Iron Age period in Israel. The buildings at the site were constructed of mudbricks on stone foundations. Conservation of buildings at the site was carried out using three methods: 1) building roofs (in roofed areas no other conservation was needed); 2) conserving mudbrick walls by plastering them in modern plaster made up in imitation of ancient building material; 3) full restoration of buildings up to roof level (carried out in one case). These methods were successful, and, due to the location of the site within a large museum compound, it is utilized for archaeological education, mainly of schoolchildren.     

The Shell-Implements and Other Antiquities of Barbados

Reconsideration of the evidence set out by Jackson and Fletcher in 1962 shows that it does not lead uniquely and inevitably to the complicated building history postulated by them for the apsidal chancel at Wing, whereby the present walls were supposed to have arisen in part by cutting back earlier alignments and in part by building them forward and inserting the pilaster strips. Instead it is shown that all the known evidence can be interpreted in terms of a simpler and more plausible building sequence in which the present walls of the apse arose in a single building operation which included the pilaster-strips and arcading as well as the internal plaster which separates the original walls of the crypt and apsidal chancel from the later stone vaulting of the crypt. This revised interpretation does not affect the important conclusion that the walls of the polygonal apse were built later than the main walls of the nave; but this conclusion is based upon simpler direct observation. Unfortunately the evidence at present available does not allow precise details of the building phases to be stated with certainty; a new thorough archaeological investigation would be needed to settle these questions and to provide an indication of the dates of the several phases.     

Dating Historical Buildings: An Update on the Possibilities of Absolute Dating Methods

The reconstruction of the history of a building represents a difficult task, as written information is not usually available or incomplete. Some building materials (e.g., bricks, wood) have been classically used for absolute dating while on others has been considered unreliable (e.g., stone). However, developments and tests performed in the last 20 years have shown important advances on the use of such methods, increasing the possibilities of successful reconstruction of building chronologies, although most of these advances are still scarcely known by the community involved in the site management (e.g., archaeologists, architects). Both, radiocarbon and luminescence dating have been the most successful techniques but others, such as archaeomagnetism, can also be used. Even, some important events such as fires could be dated. The purpose of this work is to provide an overview of the last achievements of absolute dating techniques available in building materials.     

A NOTE ON AN IRON AGE FOUR-HORNED ALTAR FROM TEL DOTHAN

Abstract

In a recent visit to the site of Tel Dothan the top of a four-horned stone altar of Iron Age type was unexpectedly observed among the structural remains exposed by Joseph P. Free in Area L of his excavations of the late 1950s. Owing to the location of this find within a well-dated building complex (labelled ‘House 14 ’) it can be dated with some certainty to the early Iron Age IIa, i.e. to the 9^th century BCE. Dated four-horned stone altars from this period from the northern Kingdom of Israel are extremely rare. ‘House 14 ’ was identified by the excavators as an ‘administrative building,’ but we suggest it probably had a primary cultic function.     

Picture Perfect: Using Drone Technology and Photogrammetry Techniques to Map the Western Stone Forts of Ireland

The Western Stone Forts form some of the most spectacular archaeological monuments in Ireland and include well known sites such as Dún Aonghasa in Co. Galway and Cahercommaun in Co. Clare. The group comprises a number of heterogeneous forts characterized by their exceptionally thick and high stone walls and other distinctive architectural features such as terraces, steps, guard chambers, and chevaux de fries. It is clear, however, that they form a loosely defined group of monuments that have a broad chronological span ranging from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Medieval period. The aim of this project is to create a complete suite of high resolution three-dimensional models of the Western Stone Forts on the Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and assess the applicability of photogrammetry techniques to landscape studies and heritage management.     

The ‘Triple R’ Approach on the Restoration of Archaeological Dry Stone City Walls: Procedures and Application to a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Oman

The ‘Triple R’ approach on the restoration of dry stone walls, using recognizable, reversible and respectful constructive techniques is here illustrated. A set of restoration procedures are explained and applied to a UNESCO World Heritage site in Al-Baleed (Salalah, Sultanate of Oman) in the ‘Land of Frankincense’. The procedures were adapted in an innovative way to take into account the climate features of the Indian Ocean area (specifically, the effects of the monsoon season). All the restoration procedures aimed at conserving the site’s original architectural features by using only suitable stones and materials found on-site. Specific procedures have been adopted to consolidate walls, gates, foundations and sloping surfaces. Simple on-site mechanical tests and evaluation methods have been developed for a quick assessment of the safety level of the restored walls to ease future archaeological excavations. The application is related to a waterfront side of the ancient city built around the ninth century and added to over the next five centuries. These restoration procedures allowed for further archaeological excavations with new findings is here described.     

A GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ANCIENT QUARRIES OF SIDI GHEDAMSY ISLAND (MONASTIR,TUNISIA)

Amongst a large number of ancient quarries scattered along the North African coast, those at Sidi Ghedamsy (Monastir, Tunisia) have supplied building stones of Pliocene age. Two lithofacies have been distinguished in the quarry faces: (i) fine sandy limestone, which has been used in the construction of Roman and Arabic monuments; and (ii) porous and coarse limy sandstone, which is of bad quality for construction. Laboratory analysis results confirm that the exploitation of stone in antiquity was well focused on the levels containing the first type. This is confirmed by geotechnical tests, which show that the fine sandy limestone is harder and less porous than the coarse limy sandstone. Extraction of these stones began in the Roman period. The Romans exploited the quarries using steel tools that permitted the extraction of blocks from several levels. In the eighth century, Arabic quarry workers continued the stone extraction using the same technique, but they produced blocks of small and medium size. Statistical measurements have been done on the quarry faces and on the walls of the Ribat in order to understand the degree of conformity between the dimensions of the extracted blocks and those used for building, and ultimately to attempt to date the quarries and the construction of the Ribat.     

Damage Assessment of Unreinforced Stone Masonry Buildings After the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquakes

The sequence of earthquakes that has affected Christchurch and Canterbury since September 2010 has caused damage to a great number of buildings of all construction types. Following post-event damage surveys performed between April 2011 and June 2011, an inventory of the stone masonry buildings in Christchurch and surrounding areas was carried out in order to assemble a database containing the characteristic features of the building stock, as a basis for studying the vulnerability factors that might have influenced the seismic performance of the stone masonry building stock during the Canterbury earthquake sequence. The damage suffered by unreinforced stone masonry buildings is reported and different types of observed failures are described using a specific survey procedure currently in use in Italy. The observed performance of seismic retrofit interventions applied to stone masonry buildings is also described, as an understanding of the seismic response of these interventions is of fundamental importance for assessing the utility of such strengthening techniques when applied to unreinforced stone masonry structures.