Settlement and land alienation in Western Australia: the shire of Denmark

The pattern of initial settlement in the Shire of Denmark in Western Australia is mapped using land registrations of the date of the first lease and first freehold grant. Settlement started near the main rivers before World War I and accelerated with Group Settlements of the 1920s. However, many Group settlers abandoned their land before 1940. Little development occurred until in-migration during the last 30 years. Local persistence of families was estimated from records of land tenure, rate books, electoral rolls, postal directories and interviews. The rate of persistence of families on each block varied considerably. Geographical expansion of holdings among successive generations of founding families reflects more general processes such as clone colonization in which, by mutual support and intra-family co-operation, families undertake short-distance migration to newly acquired—often abandoned—holdings. In this way, settlers have gradually created a continuously settled landscape in this once densely forested area of south-western Australia. Land alienation has occurred since 1900 in the study area of 217 surveyed lots, or ‘blocks’ which are, on average, 150 acres (70 hectares) in size. The geographical pattern of initial settlement comprised isolated sites, occupied in the wake of early lumbering, rather than a linear frontier.     

Regional variations of mortality in Norway

Regional and rural and urban differences in mortality in Norway are examined since the mid-nineteenth century. "A levelling-out of variations took place as an aspect of the rapid reduction of mortality during the first half of this century. The northeasternmost part of the country, however, still stands out as a region of relatively high mortality. Particularly low levels of mortality are found in the predominantly rural parts of East, South and West Norway...." A higher level of mortality in urbanized areas is also noted.     

美国1882年排华法的前奏:1875年《佩奇法》实施的背景及影响

论文探讨了1875年《佩奇法》出台背景及其影响。在种族偏见、文化差异以及政治机会主义等因素的共同作用下,美国国会议员绕开中美之间自由移民的法律,将限制华人女性入境的立法解释成为一场维护美国传统家庭和婚姻道德的保卫之战。以加州联邦众议员佩奇名字命名的《佩奇法》,在美国国会开创了针对特定群体立法进行移民限制的先例。从法律出台到1882年《排华法案》之间的七年间,移民美国的华人超过了之前的任何一个以七年划分的时间段,《佩奇法》虽没有达到阻止苦力华工赴美目的,但在阻止华人女性移民美国方面相当成功,基本切断了华人女性赴美的渠道,也为七年后的美国全面排华铺平了道路。     

The Americans With Disabilities Act and Medical Providers: Ten Years After Passage of the Act

This article discusses the impact of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) on health care providers in the last decade. Even though some ADA training has been provided for health care providers, more education will help to improve access to their offices, improve health care practices for their patients with disabilities, and be an incentive for the providers to help raise the consciousness of the rest of the community about the ADA.     

Lawmakers' Preferences for Bureaucratic Discretion: The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and the Telecommunications Act of 1996

Research on delegation stresses that chief executives are “privileged actors” well positioned to influence bureaucratic policy decisions. Therefore, legislative coalitions provide less authority to agencies when they disagree with executives about what policy should look like. Otherwise, executives would take advantage of voluminous agency discretion to direct bureaucrats to make decisions inconsistent with legislative coalitions’ policy goals. I stress that, in the U.S. lawmaking system, congressional committees are also privileged actors. As such—as with the president—those who experience policy disagreement with committees should wish to limit bureaucratic discretion. In addition, I examine individual lawmakers’ preferences for bureaucratic discretion to evaluate this perspective on agency design. As policy disagreement increases between senators and the Senate committee that oversees the agency/agencies receiving authority, senators prefer to limit the volume of discretion agencies receive.     

基督教与近代农业科技传播——以金陵大学农林科为中心的研究

由于农业具有和医学、教育同样的传教价值,早期农业传教士根据中国是一个农民大国的国情,针对中国教会一贯重视城市忽视乡村的策略,提出了“教会乡村化”的主张。这一主张激起了部分教会对农业的极大兴趣。本以金陵大学农林科为中心,讨论了教会与金大农林科为实现教会乡村化而进行农业教育和科技推广的过程。在教会乡村化和乡村基督化的背景下,农业科技成为传播基督教的媒介,基督教充当了传播农业科技的主体,对近代中国农业的进步做出了一定贡献。     

Landscapes of triumphalism,reconciliation, and reclamation: memorializing the aftermath of the Dakota-U.S. War of 1862

The Dakota-U.S. War of 1862 resulted in the largest mass public execution in U.S. history and the forced exile of Dakota people from their homeland. Drawing on work on memorials and commemoration in cultural geography, we explore how events in the immediate aftermath of the conflict have been remembered and marked in the landscape of southern and central Minnesota. Through three case-studies we show how various material practices and discourses of remembrance have emerged in different communities at different times and on different scales. While markers and statuary commemorating Taoyateduta (Chief Little Crow) in the town of Hutchinson represent a triumphalist discourse, memorials at the site of the mass public hanging of 38 Dakota warriors in Mankato have sought reconciliation and mutual forgiveness between European Americans and Dakota people. Unlike these permanent site-specific memorials, the biennial Dakota Commemorative March physically retraces the 150-mile forced march of Dakota women, children, and elders in 1862 and involves the ceremonial placing of wooden markers at every mile along the route—a large-scale commemorative practice that goes beyond reconciliation to promote the formulation of a collective “counter-memory”, reclaim Dakota culture, and decolonize their traditional and sacred homeland.