Tibetan People:Masters of Their Own Fate

Now,itisknowntoallthatserfsandslavesinoldTibet,whomadeup95percentoftheTibetanpopulation,ownedlessthan10Der-centofthesocialwealth.Underthesituation,theserfsandsIavessangfEvenifthesnowymountainsturnintobutter,theybelongtotheserf-owners.Evenifriverwatersturnintomilk,wehavenoaccesstoitatall.TlBETANPoPULATloN.Beforel765,therewere2millionpeopleoftheTibetanethnicgroupwestoftheNujiangRiver.Inl95l,theyearTibetwaspeacetlillyliberated,how-ever,thenumberofTibetansdroppedtolmillion.Statisticssh…     

Leadership and Coordination in Legislatures: The "President" of the First American Congress: 1774-1789

We analyze the viability of the office of President of Congress as a source of leadership in the Continental and Confederation Congresses.1 Our primary interest is in institutionally grounded, as opposed to and separate from charismatic or personal, bases for leadership. We show that virtually every institutional support for leadership power recognized to be at work in the modern Congress was absent in the Continental Congresses. We trace the origins of these limitations on leadership power and potential to a series of decisions taken during 1774 and 1775 and substantially maintained and even elaborated over the fifteen-year history of the Congress. The result was that even though the institution was awash in "leaders," men like Virginia's Peyton Randolph, Massachusetts' John Hancock, and New York's John Jay, stable and effective "leadership" from the office of President of Congress proved to be impossible.     

The Politics of Environmental Risk: Perceptions of Risk Assessment in the State Legislatures

As state governments increasingly turn to the process of quantitative risk assessment to set environmental policy, the question of what state lawmakers know and believe about risk and the risk assessment process has become critical. The perceptions of state legislators may affect their decisions about a wide range of environmental conflicts, from funding water treatment facilities to siting hazardous waste incinerators. This article reports the results of a nationwide survey of state legislators and their staff that explored their intuitive understanding of environmental risk and risk assessment. The survey revealed strong support for the use of risk assessment by most state lawmakers, but significant differences, by gender and political affiliation, in perceptions of the risks from chemicals, the value of risk assessment for setting environmental policies, and the environmental risks faced by racial minorities.     

Ex-Serfs Are Masters of Their Own Fate Today

TheDemocraticReforminTibetin1959turnedserfs-speakinganimals-intomastersoftheirownfate.Makingup95percentofthepopulationinoldTibet,theysharethecommonfeeling:WithoutthesocialistsystemandwithouttheleadershipbytheCommunistPartyofChina,therewouldnotbetheirlivestoday.OntheeveoftheDemocraticReform,wevisitedsomeofthem.FromSerftoVice-ChairmanoftheCPPOGTibetCommitteePuncogistheVice-ChairmanoftheCPPCCTibetCommitteeandSecretaryoftheCPCXigazePrefecturalCommittee.He,however,usedtobeaserfgroa…     

Experts in Their Own Lives: Emphasizing Client-Centeredness in a Homeless Program

This paper presents a case study of a homeless organization in Burlington, Vermont that is dedicated to the principles of client-centeredness. Originated by psychologist Carl Rogers as a therapeutic philosophy, this approach has been applied in numerous social service and organizational settings. For this Vermont agency, client-centered practice entails the promotion of client empowerment and the responsible use of staff authority. Client participation in homeless programming is identified as one tool that may facilitate both client autonomy and a balance of staff-client power. Clients, staff, and administrators of this agency were interviewed to help explain the philosophy and practice of client-centeredness, as well as pitfalls of the client-centered approach. Hypotheses and future questions for research are also suggested.     

中国妇女的口头文化与仪式文化--南汇的哭嫁

在中国封建时代丰富的礼仪文化当中,妇女只不过在其中扮演了很微小的角色。通常,中国的仪式形式主要是为了合并阳气与驱除阴气。例如,女性不参加新年之际村里的男性所举行的驱鬼仪式。在这些被称作傩的表演中,原本身     

清代妇女嫁妆支配权的考察

嫁妆跟随妇女由娘家到婆家,成为她们在新家庭中的“私产”。清代,大多数妇女拥有对自己嫁妆的独立占有权和支配权,并利用嫁妆为家庭、家族乃至社会作出贡献。妇女在支配嫁妆的同时,逐步加大其对家庭事务的影响,赢得家庭和家族成员的尊重,确立起她们在新家庭或新家族中的地位。     

妇女指导委员会与抗战时期的妇女动员

全面抗战时期,新生活运动促进总会妇女指导委员会转变为各党派团体共同参与、拥护的妇女界统一战线组织,担负起了领导全国妇女从事抗战工作的责任.在妇指会的动员和推动下,全国各界妇女积极开展了文化宣传、儿童保育、慰劳救护、战地服务、乡村服务、生活指导、生产事业等各种工作,成为安定鼓舞后方的一股重要力量.不过,由于人力财力有限,再加上社会环境的限制,妇指会在工作中不可避免存在一些缺憾.