民国时期北京的粪夫群体与清污体制改革(上)

清洁卫生工作是城市健康运行的重要保障,也是衡量城市治理水平的重要指标。搞好公共卫生,做好垃圾污物的清理消纳,不仅仅是一个工程技术问题,其中还涉及到经济、社会甚至政治等诸多因素,牵扯到复杂的社会群体和利益关系,往往考验管理者的智慧。这从民国时期北京粪夫群体的活动与清污体制改革的推进,就能充分体现出来。从清朝开始,北京城的粪便污物清运就形成了专门的行业,执此业者称为"粪夫"。粪夫     

北京的粪夫与粪阀

正北京自元朝建都于此将近七百年,而与家家人人有关的粪便问题截至解放为止始终没得到根本解决。过去若干年中,粪夫掏取住户的粪便卖钱,对住户来讲,只要你把粪便掏走解决积存问题,不需要固定何人,但在粪夫同业之间彼此相遇不免因利益争吵。由于他们争吵也就影响了住户的安宁。直至清康熙年间,粪夫互相间定出办法,就是根据某人常掏某处划出了疆界,分出了地段:这股道归张三,那股道归李四,此即所谓"粪道"的由来。当然得到粪道都     

明清江南肥料需求的数量分析──明清江南肥料问题探讨之一

一、“粪便即金钱”──明清江南肥料问题的凸现在中国传统文化中,粪便被视为至贱之物,金钱则被视为至贵之物。因此,把这两个有天壤之别的东西等同起来,说粪便是金钱,似乎是有些匪夷所思。然而,早在元代,王祯就已提出了著名的“惜粪如惜金”一语,将这两个看来是风马牛不相及的东西联系了起来。王氏原话为：“夫扫除之猥,腐朽之物,人视之而轻忽,田得之为膏润,唯务本者知之,所谓惜粪如惜金也,故能变恶为美,种少收多。谚云‘粪田胜如买田’,信斯言也”①。此语主要意义,是要人们珍惜现有各种肥料资源,充分加以利用,从而达到…     

人生这杯酒

著名红学家俞平伯在河南信阳为干校盖房搓麻绳,年过七旬的文坛祖母冰心在向阳湖寒风中护菜,年过七旬的巴金在奉贤运粪,吴祖光、张庚、丁聪等“反动学术权威”在团泊洼当过粪夫,钱仲书、吴晓铃等著名学者在河南信阳烧过锅炉。     

近代方志的制图思想（下）

第三,八景图的取舍问题 志图既尊为“无言之史”,但许多方志在形式上有图,实际上却并未起到图的应有作用。章学诚认为其弊端主要是由两种原因引起的,其一即“逐于景物,而山水摩画,工其绘事,则无当于史裁也;……夫表有经纬而无辞说,图有形象而无经纬,皆为书志列传之要删,而流俗相沿,苟为悦人耳目之具矣”。这就是说,当时方志所绘之图,大多流于形式,变成了点缀时髦的装饰品。     

珍庐诗稿序

夫诗人心之精,玄德之符;故中声所止,应物斯感;天律既具,树义必高;语日“无邪”,职由是矣。然自王泽竭,颂声寝;世递三古,人逾千祀;楚艳汉侈,或劝百而讽一;唐情宋意,类始正而末奇。案辔     

略论晚清民族主义思潮对边疆事务的构思

略论晚清民族主义思潮对边疆事务的构思胡成晚清末造,列强环伺,虎视鹰瞵。政论学说,云兴泉涌。其中最具影响力的,莫过于民族主义思潮。时人云：夫二十世纪者,“民族主义之时代也。”①而就这一思潮的现实影响来看,尽管激进革命派的“排满革命,民族建国”为其主旋律...     

《云麓漫钞》校后记

俞樾《古书疑义举例序》云:“夫周、秦、两汉,至于今远矣。执今人寻行数墨之文法,而以读周、秦、两汉之书。譬犹执山野之夫,而与言甘泉、建章之巨丽也。夫自大小篆而隶书,而真书,自竹简而缣素、而纸,其为变也屡矣。执今日传刻之书,而以为是古人之真本,譬犹闻人言笋可食,归而     

《逸周书》新读一则

笔者近读<逸周书>,就<克殷>篇"及期,百夫荷素质之旗于王前,叔振奏拜假,又陈常车"的文字和训诂问题提出自己的意见.     

“[亻夫夫心]雨”小考（上）

王鍈《唐宋笔记语辞汇释》（北京，中华书局，2001年）之《语辞备考录》收录了“[亻夫夫心]”，并附书证及说明：     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the