Who Built the Scythian and Thracian Royal and Elite Tombs?

This paper discusses the complex and controversial problems of Scythian and Thracian royal and élite tombs of the fifth/fourth centuries BC. The similarities beween them are too great to be explained simply as coincidence. Although the inspiration for the type of chamber tomb might have been local, the architecture, painting and many other features show that Ionian Greeks were constructing them for the local élite. This conclusion is strongly supported by the close similarities between these tombs and those of the rulers and élite of the Bosporan Kingdom in the Kerch and Taman Peninsulas of a similar date.     

The Cultural Contexts of International Capital Expansion: British Ranchers in Wyoming, 1879–1889

In the late-nineteenth century, open-range cattle ranching in the American West became popular among the British upper classes both as an investment and as a vocation. However, after a severe winter in 1886–1887, many of these enterprises failed and foreign investment in the American range cattle industry waned. This paper examines the experiences of British ranchers in Wyoming and in particular the career of Moreton Frewen (1857–1924) in order to explore the dialectical relationship between culturally constructed nature, shaped by discourses of class and gender, and material nature, itself transformed by capitalist production. Although from an élite family, Frewen lacked the financial resources necessary to sustain the kind of life to which he felt he was entitled. The great profits and excellent big-game hunting supposedly available to ranchers attracted him to the Powder River region of Wyoming, where he began a ranch that failed in the crisis of 1886–1887. British images of a bountiful American nature spurred investment, but also led to ranching practices that were ultimately harmful to the ranges upon which cattle depended. A detailed study of the élite British ranchers provides insight into the specific cultural, historical, environmental, and local contexts within which global capital expansion takes place.     

WEALTH AND STATUS IN IRON AGE KNOSSOS

Summary.   Knossos Tekke tomb 2 is one of the richest tombs in the Iron Age Aegean, renowned for its deposits of gold. The tomb is widely attributed to a family of goldsmiths, who migrated to Knossos from the Near East. This article, however, questions this attribution. An alternative interpretation is pursued through surveys of the distribution of some luxury materials, amply represented in the Tekke tomb, in all known Knossian tombs. By setting the Tekke find against the large corpus of Knossian burial material, I identify the Tekke occupants as members of a local élite. This group is shown to have had privileged access to the products of a goldsmith's workshop, as well as to the sources of some lavish, mostly imported, raw materials, and to have regulated their distribution within Knossian society during the eighth century. The means through which the Tekke élite claimed and defended their wealth and status are assessed and their possible Late Bronze Age pedigree is conjectured.     

Metals, Salt, and Slaves: Economic Links Between Gaul and Italy From the Eighth to the Late Sixth Centuries BC

Summary.   This paper discusses the role of metals, salt, textiles, and slaves in the development of networks of reciprocal exchange that interlinked the élites of Etruscan Italy and Early Iron Age Gaul between the eighth and sixth centuries BC. Maritime and transalpine contact are considered separately. Certain regional specialisms in Gaul are discussed: metals in the west and centre, supporting prosperous HaD élites around the rim of the Massif Central, salt on coasts and in the east, perhaps in exchange for Italian textiles, and slaves perhaps especially from the sixth-century BC Aisne–Marne/Mont Lassois complex. A principal point is to establish the ubiquity and economic importance of women and children as domestic slaves both in Italy and Gaul and their consequent significance as valuable objects of élite exchange. Development in patterns of slave procurement during this period are considered.     

A Persianizing Cup from Lydia

The kantharoid-cup examined here may serve as an examplar of the various currents which are evident in the pottery producing traditions of archaic Lydia. Although our knowledge of Lydian pottery is still in great need of enrichment features derived from other regions are apparent in finds made in the Sardis area, and beyond. The kantharoid cup is clearly decorated in a manner firmly anchored in archaic Lydian practice, but ultimately derived from an East Greek source. Its shape, however, is borrowed from eastern traditions, specially – as realia and iconographic representations show – from the Achaemenid repertoire. It is in this context, as an item of emulation of élite practice, that the adoption of this particular shape in Lydia is best understood.     

CANADA'S NATIONAL PARKS: A MODEL OF ADMINISTRATIVE PENETRATION

National parks can no longer be considered as pristine ecosystems protected by impenetrable boundaries. It is now realised that many forces outside national park boundaries create significant changes within those boundaries. To date, most attention has focussed upon penetration by biophysical factors. This paper addresses another aspect, external influence over decision making in the parks. It suggests that three main groups - entrepreneurs, environmentalists, and aboriginal peoples - have been dominant in different time periods, and uses case studies to illustrate the rise to current prominence of aboriginal peoples. Reasons are suggested for this ascendancy.
Les pares nationaux ne peuvent plus être considérés comme des écosystèmes primitifs protégés par des limites impénétrables. On remarque à présent que beaucoup de forces en dehors des limites des pares nationaux peuvent créer des changements significatifs à &lcaron intérieur de ces limites. Jusquà maintenant la plupart des études ont traité de la pénétration par des facteurs biophysiques. Cet article traite &dcaron un autre facteur, une influence externe qui agit sur les décisions prises au sujet des pares. Nous suggérons que trois groupes principaux - les entrepreneurs, les écologistes et les populations autochtones - ont été dominants à des époques différentes, et soumettrons des études de cas pour illustrer comment les populations autochtones sont arriveées à la dominance. Nous offrirons également des raisons pour cette ascension.     

Place, Culture and Identity: Summer Music in Upper Galilee

The Kfar Blum festival is an annual chamber music festival at a kibbutz in northern Israel involving three public bodies. Soon after its inauguration, it was dominated by audiences of élite groups who gave it a specific character and made it a highly desirable social event. The demand created for participation caused the festival to change in character, and what had been an artistic celebration became a cultural commodity. This challenged the overall purpose of the festival and brought changes in artistic direction, as new audiences were sought through programmes with wider appeal. The Kfar Blum festival is an example of a contested arena reflecting social trends in Israel. Place becomes a metaphor for social trends.     

UN NOUVEAU CADRE MÉTHO-DOLOGIQUE POUR L'ÉTUDE DE LA SÉGRÉGATION RÉSIDENT1ELLE APPLIQUÉÀ MONTRÉAL (1931-71)

Les études sur la ségrégation résidentielle, basée sur l' ethnie, utilisent généralement un cadre méthodologique comprenant des indices de ségrégation dont l' insensibilityéà certaines transformations importantes de l' espace ethnique peut être démontrée. De plus, la forte redondance de ces indices vient encore réduire la portée de leur utilisation. De nouveaux indices sont donc proposés lesquels, étant donné leur aspect complémentaire et non redondant, seront susceptibles de produire une analyse plus complète du phénomène de ségrégation résidentielle. En guise ď illustration, les indices proposés ont été utilisés dans une analyse de l' évolution de la ségrégation résidentielle ayant affecté certains groupes ethniques, à Montréal, durant la période 1931–1971.
The methodological approach in residential segregation studies is based essentially on the use of indexes such as D (dissimilarity index) and G (Gin; index). However, these are redundant indexes that measure only one aspect of segregation, its intensity. This paper proposes a new set of non-redundant indexes that give better results as shown by their use in analysing the ethnic space of Montreal between 1931 and 1971     

SOCIAL UPGRADING IN SIX CANADIAN INNER CITIES

This paper examines social upgrading in the inner neighbourhoods of six major Canadian cities between 1971 and 1981. The extent of social status change is assessed, and hypotheses are considered to account for neighbourhoods likely to experience social upgrading. Maps of status change are discussed and suggest further general principles. These are assessed in a correlation analysis where the dependent variable is an index of social status change for each inner city tract. Most of the independent variables show significant associations; the most consistent correlation is with proximity to an existing elite area. Implications of these findings for models of neighbourhood transition are considered.
Cet article examine le phénomène du renouveau social à I'intérieur des secteurs d'habitation de six grandes villes canadiennes entre 1971 et 1981. Le changement de statut social fait I'objet d'une évaluation dans son étendue, et des hypothèses sont formulées pour rendre compte des quartiers qui ont de grandes chances de connaître un phénomène de renouveau social. La carto-graphie des changements de statut social permet de dé-gagerde nouveaux éléments d'explication. La vérification des hypothèses est faite au moyen d'une analyse corrélative où la variable dépendante est un in-dice du changement de statut social survenu en chaque division des secteurs couverts. La plupart des variables indépendantes montrent des associations significatives; la corrélation la plus marquée a rapport à la proximité d'un secteur où réside l'élite. La signification de ces ré-sultats pour la formulation de modéles de quartiers en transition retient notre attention.     

Northern Samaria: A Process-Pattern Analysis of Rural Settlement

In northern Samaria, Arab settlement has expanded by a process of colonization from parent villages during the past century. The changes in settlement patterns were analysed and the relative tendencies for randomness, regularity, and clustering were then estimated by variance/mean ratios, to test whether the settlement process can be explained by Hudson's three-stage model for rural settlement. No definite answer could be given, because the effects of soils and terrain were dominant in all parts of the area, but the finding that the settlements tend to be grouped even in the initial stage suggests that Hudson's theory is inadequate.
Au nord de la Samarie, la colonisation Arabe s'est étendue par un processus de colonisation de villages parents pendant le dernier siècle. Les changements dans les forms de colonisations ont été analysés et les tendances relatives pour caractère de regularité, caractère à l'aléatoire, et caractère d'accumulation ont allors été estimées par proportions de variation/moyenne, pour examiner si le processus de colonisation par trois phases de Hudson peut être expliqué pour le modèle de colonisation rurale. Une réponse définitive n'a pas pu être donnée parce que les effets de sol et reliefs étaient dominants dans toutes les parties des environs, mais le résultat que les colonisations ont tendance de se grouper même dans la phase initiative suggère que la théorie de Hudson est inadéquate.     

THE UPPER COLUMBIA VALLEY 1900-20: AN ASSESSMENT OF 'BOOSTERISM' AND THE 'BIOGRAPHY OF LANDSCAPE'

The period 1900-20 was one of active development in the Upper Columbia Valley. The evolution of the cultural landscape during the period was clearly influenced by physical factors and by prevailing socio-economic conditions, but the actions of key individuals were also important. It is argued that an understanding of the cultural landscape of the area cannot be complete unless their explicit role is recognized. This suggests that the concepts of 'boosterism' and 'biography of landscape' may have value in understanding both historic and contemporary landscape evolution.
La vallée de l'Upper Columbia a connu un développement actif dans la période 1900 à 1920; durant laquelle, l'évolution du paysage culture/ a été clairement infiuencée par des facteurs physiques et par ies conditions socio-économiques de l'époque. Toutefois, il faut réaliser que certains individus ont joué des roles clés dans cette évolution. far conséquent, les rles de tels personnages doivent ětre soulignés; sinon, l'analyse de tels paysages ne peut pas ětre complète. Ce facteur humain suggère que les concepts de 'promotion' et de 'biographie de paysage' peuvent avoir une certaine valeur dans l'analyse historique et contemporaine de l'évolution d'un paysage.     

SOME IMPLICATIONS OF RECENT TRENDS IN THE PROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT IN CANADA

The redistribution between 1961 and 1977 of shares in gross domestic product compels a reappraisal of traditional explanations for Canadian economic patterns. The main features of economic growth over this period confirm the explanatory value of the export base model of the development process. Traditional characterizations of core-periphery relationships are compromised by weakening interprovincial complementarities and the articulation of residentiary industries in western Canada. Compromised as well is the notion that there is in Canada a wide disparity in regional per capita income, a disparity that has persisted with little change for many years.
La redistribution des portions provinciales du produit intérieur brut entre 1961 et 1977 se demande qu'on examine de nouveau les explications traditionnelles pour les transformations de l'économie spatiale. Au cours des seize années derniéres les caractéristiques principales du croissance économique rafferment l'utilité explicative du modéle « export-base >>. Les caractérisations traditionnelles du type centre-périphérie sont compromises par l'affaiblissement des rapports complémentaires parrni les provinces et par l'articulation des structures provinciales économiques en Canada ouest. Compromise aussi est la notion qu'il existe au Canada de grandes disparités a l'échelle régionale dans le revenu par habitant, disparités qui ont persisté avec peu de variations depuis de nombreuses années.     

A MODEL OF COALFIELD DEVELOPMENT: SIX STAGES EXEMPLIFIED BY THE SYDNEY FIELD

A six-stage model of coalfield development is presented. It portrays the typical or natural sequence of coal exploitation, which primarily takes place underground, and illustrates the sequence of transport and settlement development on the surface. Stages in the model relate to the exploitation of increasingly remote reserves, a process governed by changing mining technologies. While the model is presented for a simple plain, variants for coastal fields and fields with indented topography are introduced. The Sydney coalfield of Cape Breton demonstrates the utility of the model in providing an explanatory framework for an otherwise complex and confusing chain of events.
On présente un modèle, de six étapes, du développement d' un bassin houiller. Le modéle démontre la séquence typique ou naturelle de l' exploitation du charbon, qui s'effectue principalement sous terre, et illustre aussi les développementssur la surface dans le transport et dans l' urbanisation. Les étapes dans le modèle sont reliées à l' exploitation de reserves qui sont de plus en plus éloignbes, et qui s'exploitent grâce aux changements dans la technologie miniere. Le modèle présente le cas d' une surface uniforme, mais fait également part de certaines variantes se rapportant à des bassins côtiers et à des bassins situés en terrain accidenté. Le bassin houiller de Sydney, au Cap Breton, démontre l' utilityé de ce modéle, en présentant un cadre explicatif d' une série d' événements qui seraient par ailleurs complexes et confus.     

THE EVOLUTION OF MONTREAL'S PORT SERVICE INDUSTRY

The growth of Montreal's port service industry is shown to have been accompanied by internal differentiation and elaboration. Of the many business types that comprise the service sector, forwarding appears to have played d particularly important role. The industry is also revealed to have been a catalyst in the economic development of the city, and the expansion of the port was facilitated by the commercial enterprise and political influence of the leaders of the industry.
Il est demontré que la croissance de l'industrie tertiaire maritime reliée au port de Montréal fut accompagnée de sa diversification et de son élaboration interne. Parmi les nomhreux types d'enterprises du secteur tertiaire, les transitaires ont joué un rôle important. L'industrie tertiaire maritime s'est également manifestée comme un catalyseur du développement éconornrque de la ville. De plus, l'expansion du port a été grandement facilité par le secteur commercial et l'influence politique de ses dirigeants.     

VARIATIONS IN EMPLOYMENT AND NON-EMPLOYMENT INCOME IN CANADIAN CITIES AS INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC BASE DIFFERENCES

The use of personal income sources instead of labour force as an indicator of urban economic base differences offers another perspective on the character of cities. This analysis discovered that cities were becoming less dependent on income from employment, thereby downgrading the effectiveness of labour force as an economic base indicator, and more dependent on income from investments and pensions. Significant variations in income sources were revealed both by region and by size of city. In general, the smaller the city, the higher the proportion of income from pension-government sources, and the larger the city, the higher the proportion from investments.
L'utilisation des sources de revenu personnel au lieu de celles de la main-d'oeuvre comme indicateur des differences de base économique urbaine offre une autre perspective sur le caractere des villes. I1 a étéétabli que les villes deviennent de moins en moins dependantes des revenus provenant des emplois, déclassant ainsi I'efficacité de la main-d'oeuvre en tant qu'indicateur de base econornique, et de plus en plus dbpendantes des revenus provenant d'investissements et de pensions. Des variations significatives ont été mises en évidence dans les sources de revenu par rapport à la région et à la taille d'une ville. En règle générale, plus la ville est petite plus la proportion du revenu provenant des pensions du gouvernement est élevée, et plus la ville estgrandeplus la proportion du revenu provenant d'investissements est élevée.     

RURAL OUT-MIGRATION IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA

Rural out-migration from southern Manitoba over the period 1971–76 is subjected to a path-analytic model which claims that the exodus is due to unsatisfactory economic and social conditions. In particular, the model is structured so that migration and community satisfaction both depend upon the economic standing of a community. Results indicate that while economic conditions are key factors in rural out-migration, other variables, especially those representative of rural isolation, are also of great importance. These conclusions remain tenable even after allowing for feedback effects from the rural out-migration.
L'émigration rural de Manitoba du sud au cours de l'époque 1971–76 est éxposé dans un modèle « path-analytic >> qui réclame que cette émigration est attendu que la situation économique et sociale inadéquate. En particular, cette modèle énonce que l'émigration et la satisfaction de la société dépendent sur la condition économique de cette société. Les résultats indiquent qu'autres facteurs, comme l'éloignement rural, sont importants aussi que la situation économique. Ces résultats sont encore vrais quand même les effets de l'émigration rurale sont rendu compte de la région rurale.     

THE EXPANSION OF FRENCH LANGUAGE RIGHTS IN ONTARIO, 1968–1993: THE USES OF TERRITORIALITY IN A POLICY OF GRADUALISM

Franco-Ontarian language rights have been granted through a policy of gradualism over the past 25 years. It will be argued that this policy has embraced a territorial component for selected domains - education, the judiciary, and government services - a fact that has helped to minimize backlash from the majority and aided the processes of extending language rights from the local level to the entire province. This has been accomplished in education and the judiciary and appears to be in progress for government services. It is through an analysis of territoriality that the significance of these processes to substate nationalism is revealed.
Durant les 25 dernières années, les Franco-Ontariens ont été soumis à une politique d'après laquelle ils ont obtenu peu à peu leurs droits linguistiques. Cette politique, qui touche à l'education, aux tribunaux et aux services gouvernementaux, a une composante spatiale qui a aidéà minimiser les réactions de la majorité, tout en étendant les droits linguistiques du niveau local à la province entière. Les droits linguistiques ont été obtenus dans les domaines de lÉducation et des tribunaux, et il paraît que les mêmes droits seront acquis dans la domaine des services gouvernementaux. C'est par le biais d'une analyse territoriale, que se révèle la signification de ces processus, au niveau provincial.     

SOCIAL SPACE AND GROUP LIFE-STYLES IN RURAL MANITOBA

Selected behaviour patterns of Hutterite and non-Hutterite farmers were investigated, using objective and subjective techniques, to test the contention of the French school of social geographers that subcultural groups have their own specific social space, which reflects their values, preferences, and aspirations. The objective data indicated that behavioural differences exist in a hierarchy of spaces ranging from small scale 'familial' space to a larger 'recreational' space. Similar subcultural variations were shown by a cognitive mapping procedure. This revealed a different rural knowledge space for the two study groups, which can be taken as a surrogate for their overall social space.
Des aspects choisis de comportement d'un groupe de Hutterites et d'autres fermiers ont été examinés. Des méthodes objectives et subjectives ont été utilisées pour éprouver l'hypothése de l'école francaise de géographie sociale que des groupes culturels aient leurs propres espaces sociales réfletant leurs valeurs, préférences, et aspirations. Les données objectives démontrent que des différences de comportement existent dans une hierarchie spatiale variant de l'espace restreint de « famille>> jusqu'à l'espace étendu de « récréation >>. Des variations culturelles semblables ont été montrées par la méthode de cartographie cognitive qui a décelé pour chacun des deux groupes un espace de familiarité rurale différent qui peut se subsister à l'espace social général.     

THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL SYNCHRONIZATION OF PERIODIC MARKET-PLACES: A RE-EXAMINATION

Analyses of the locational and temporal spacing of periodic market-places have provided only partial confirmation of the hypothesis 'proximity in space implies separation in time.' The patterns, which are observed in almost all empirical studies, are explained here in terms of a simple avoidance rule constrained by the geometry of periodic market-place systems. The results of a series of simulations suggest that the constraints of geometry are such that only simple avoidance rules can be applied, and any more sophisticated rationale is therefore questionable.
Les études portant sur le degré de séparation spatiale et temporelle des places de marché périodique ne confirment que partiellement l' hypothése que proximité spatiale implique séparation dans le temps. Les effets observés dans presque toutes les études empiriques sont éxpliqués ici en terme d' une simple loi d' évitement, sous les contraintes de la géometrie du système des marchés périodiques. Les resultats d'une série d' analyses de simulations suggerent l' existence de contraintes géometriques telles que seules de simples lois d' evitement semblent opérationnelles. Ainsi, toute autre explication plus compliqué est remise en question.