THE DISTRIBUTION OF SCOTS AND IRISH IN UPPER CANADA, 1851-71

Recent geographical studies of evolving cultural patterns in North America have encompassed spatial scales from continental (Meinig 1986; Rooney, Zelinsky et al. 1982; Zelinsky 1973) to local (Clarke and Skof 1985; Millward 1981; Norris 1984). This interest may reflect, in part, previous neglect of cultural dimensions in North American geography, as well as emerging conceptual insights including that of the 'charter group' of founding colonists (Porter 1965), the somewhat similar 'doctrine of first effective settlement' (Zelinsky 1973), and the classification of spatial-cultural types within emerging regions of the continent (Meinig 1986).     

多伦多华人超市的空间演变

本文通过实地调查及案例分析对加拿大多伦多华人超市的发展、空间变化及其原因进行了分析。随着时间的推移,多伦多华人超市从原先市中心的中国城向周边地区有明显扩散。多伦多华人超市的发展与加拿大华裔移民的增加有很大的联系。大量华人对中国食品的眷恋成为华人超市发展的主要驱动力,其空间分布反映出华人生活范围在不断扩大。而商业店铺租金、政府的税收制度等也促进了华人超市的发展及空间格局变化。但在中国传统文化的影响下,过分强调通过个人努力而实现自我成功,缺少团结合作。因此,尽管华人超市在数量上已经与本地部分连锁超市旗鼓相当,但由于华人超市处于各自为营的状态,在某种程度上也限制了华人超市更进一步的发展。     

THE REGIONAL MALL IN CANADA

Over the last three decades, regional shopping malls have become significant features of the Canadian urban landscape. They account for the largest concentrations of employment, retail sales, and trip destinations outside the central business district, and they reshape patterns of accessibility within communities. This article examines the number, economic role, location, and implication of these facilities, in Canada, and contrasts them with similar malls in the United States. By 7 986, there were 84 regional malls with more than 500 000 sq. ft. of space in Canada, and these malls accounted for 10 per cent of all retail sales.