美国的亚洲移民史研究

在美国建国初期 ,在东海岸的建设告一段落和西部开发开始之时 ,亚洲人即被作为劳工引入美国社会 ,他们在种植园劳动、修筑铁路、开垦荒地 ,为美国社会的发展建设做出了贡献。不幸的是 ,由于文化和种族的差异又使这些亚洲移民饱受了无尽的劫难。他们被隔绝于美国主流社会之外 ,不允许他们的亲人移居美国与之团聚 ,他们每天从事的是社会最下层的苦力工作。可想而知 ,早期的亚洲移民在美国的生活是极痛苦的。 1 960年美国政府颁布了新的移民法 ,亚洲移民的情况才有所改变。根据移民法 ,新的亚洲移民可以通过正常途径或者以难民的身份移入美国 ,…     

美国早期国家构建中的州权观及其意义

美国建国初期,州权问题是建国者们不得不面对的一个难题。他们在探讨州与联盟关系的过程中,对州权持有不同的界定和评价,这既反映了他们之间不同的政治信念,也折射出现实利益的重大分歧。他们基于各自的州权观,形成了多种国家理念。这些理念的竞争和交锋推动了美国早期的国家构建,实现了从邦联制向联邦制的转变,并最终建立了各州与联邦实行分权的可行而有效的国家政治制度。     

美国历史协会与美国史学专业化的发展

美国历史协会是美国历史学界的代言人,致力于全面促进历史学的发展。它的产生与发展与美国史学专业化密不可分:美国史学专业化孕育了美国历史协会,前者为后者的产生提供了可能,创造了条件并推动其发展壮大;从史料建设、搭建学术平台再到组织建设,美国历史协会全方位地推进了美国史学向专业化的进程,完成了由传统史学向现代史学转变,为美国跻身于史学大国奠定了坚实基础。     

美国建国初期商业公司授予权的归属与政府权力的划分

美国建国初期,绝大多数商业公司都由各州议会颁发特许状建立。不过,每当有人提议由国会授权建立商业公司时,都会引发争论和反对。反对者提出,国会没有被赋予建立商业公司的权力。建国精英对商业公司授予权归属的立场,在一定程度上反映了他们对于中央政府与各州政府权力范畴上的态度。特别是制宪会议之后,虽然联邦权威得到了加强,但宪法并没有在联邦与各州的权力上划定明确界限,联邦与各州在权力上不断博弈。在博弈中,各自权力的范畴,在于政治精英在面对具体问题时对公共利益的理解,以及对各种利益关系的衡量。     

美国社会组织与联合国人权规范的起源

二战爆发后,美国社会组织在对战争与和平问题的研究中提出依靠国际组织保障人权的规范构想。美国政府则并未重视人权议题,人权在敦巴顿橡树园会议上只处于边缘地位。社会组织在此后掀起大规模的游说活动,要求提高人权议题的地位,这使得美国政府考虑融合社会组织的人权规范构想与主权规范原则。旧金山会议上,美国说服其他大国接受其人权立场,极力否决拉美国家的人权提案,体现出美国借人权话语行使霸权的实质意图。最终出台的《联合国宪章》多处涉及人权,奠定了此后联合国人权规范的基础。但是,社会组织与美国政府围绕人权的争论凸显了宪章人权条款的复杂特征,这使得美国在此后联合国人权规范的发展中面临更多的挑战。     

论美国殖民协会的性质

美国殖民协会是19世纪一个致力于将美国的自由黑人遣送回非洲的组织。它不是一个“仁慈的”、“人道的”组织,也不是一个废除奴隶制的机构。它的真实目的是通过将全部黑人驱逐出境,以建立一个纯白人的国家。它在本质上是种族主义的。它利用了美国社会普遍存在的种族主义,并对种族主义起到了推波助澜的作用。它是一个亲奴隶制的种族主义组织。     

1920年代前后天津美国侨民群体述论

1920年代末天津美国侨民团体编辑出版的《1927年天津美侨联合会人名地址录暨美国侨民通讯录》和《1928年天津美国商业与社会指南》是较少利用的英文资料,据此可以初步复原1920年代前后天津美侨社会的人口规模、职业构成及空间分布情况,并通过对天津美侨联合会、美国商会、美国学堂及美国大学同学会等侨民社团或公共服务机构的考察,大致可以勾勒出美国侨民共同体的内外功能、组织结构及群体互动模式。     

模糊不清的“共和主义”:费城工匠的诉求与美国早期资本主义的发展

美国建国初期,随着政治文化的变动与地方市场的发展,费城工匠的生活面临诸多困境。对此,他们借助“共和主义”的话语追求“公共利益、自由、平等与独立”,以表达抗议与不满。与此同时,工匠的共和话语蕴含着复杂多元的价值取向。这反映了美国早期资本主义发展进程中极其复杂的多重矛盾冲突。这些矛盾,不仅存在于工匠与倾向于“精英统治”的政治精英之间,也存在于工匠内部。当工匠将这些复杂的价值取向转化为行动后,对美国早期资本主义发展产生了意义深远的影响。一方面,工匠促进公共利益的诉求转化为反对精英拥有特权的行动,推进了美国早期自由资本主义发展;另一方面,在美国早期自由资本主义发展过程中,雇主与雇员之间的矛盾加剧,双方对于“平等”的不同诉求,使美国产生新的社会冲突,形成了新的社会阶级。     

美国建国初期的公共文化空间与国族构建——以皮尔博物馆为中心

18世纪80年代,查尔斯·威尔逊·皮尔创立了美国最早的自然与艺术博物馆之一——费城博物馆。通过对自然世界的展示,皮尔营造出一个秩序井然、和谐统一、互生共荣的文化空间。他努力将博物馆打造成兼具教育和娱乐功能的公共机构,以此传达其关于社会和政治的共和主义理念,进而培育公民对国家的认同,塑造他们的共同体意识。观众也参与其中,通过博物馆表达不同群体的利益和诉求。皮尔博物馆的理念与实践,实现了源于欧洲的博物馆在美国文化中的创造性转化,为后世树立了可供参照的"美国式博物馆"的典范,不仅体现了美国建国初期文化发展的潜力,也彰显了文化事业在美国早期国族构建中的地位和作用。     

简论汉密尔顿对美国宪法的贡献

亚历山大·汉密尔顿(1755—1804年)是美国建国初期的杰出政治家,联邦政府第一任财政部长。他不仅为结束美国的财政混乱做出显成就,也为美国1787年宪法的制定、完善与发展做出不凡的贡献。本拟就汉密尔顿对美国宪法的贡献作一简略探讨。     

Crown corporations and co-operatives as coping mechanisms in regional economic development

This paper focuses attention on two types of businesses, Crown corporations and co-operatives, that have long been associated with attempted solutions to regional economic developmental problems in Canada. The paper argues that co-operatives and Crown corporations can be viewed as coping mechanisms that attempt to make up for shortcomings in Canada's market-based economic system. Consistent with this perspective, the case study of co-operatives and Crown corporations finds that, taken as a single group, these firms are more spatially dispersed than their privately held and publicly traded counterparts at both the Canadian national level and the regional level in Saskatchewan. The study also shows that, taken separately, Crown corporations are highly concentrated within Saskatchewan, while co-operatives are dispersed across the province. A possible explanation for this behaviour, warranting further research, is that Crown corporations in Saskatchewan encourage development provincially by linking with global and national business networks in their respective industries, while co-operatives in Saskatchewan largely focus on facilitating economic development opportunities at a local level across the many smaller town- and city-centred regions of the province. The paper discusses the meaning of these and other findings for regional economic development efforts in Saskatchewan and Canada.     

Economic deviance (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)

Making sense of what went wrong during the recent financial crises requires us to go beyond the conventional view of deviance. We need a more systematic and social view of financial deviance, and have long had the intellectual tools to do so. They include Durkheim and Merton's work, invoked here to pose pertinent questions about the deviant behaviour of corporations and institutions.     

Inter‐Indigenous development aid: markets,corporations, and biases

The Canadian government and the Meadow Lake Tribal Council sponsored a forest extraction corporation in eastern Nicaragua that restructured 16 Miskitu and Mayangna villages and transformed local human‐environment interactions. The Central American aid project demonstrated paternalistic and interventionist tendencies and exposed biases in inter‐Indigenous aid that rendered it inseparable from conventional aid. This case encourages reflection on social and ecological impacts from the marketing of collective resources, the creation of Indigenous development corporations, and the decision‐making criteria and processes driving foreign aid. The case study demonstrates how foreign aid programs targeting Indigenous Peoples may actually thwart the self‐determination that they set out to encourage. Aid agencies and business partners, who had limited knowledge of local cultures and institutions, created externally defined rules that instigated resource conflicts and undermined the authority of customary leaders without resolving poverty or uneven development.     

旅游企业国际化及其运作研究

随着WTO的到来和中国旅游市场的进一步对外开放．将会有更多的国际旅游企业集团通过合资、合作、直接投资等方式进入中国旅游市场,民族旅游企业将面临着更趋激烈的国内竞争及国际化的问题。随着中国公民出境旅游市场的渐成规模和民族旅游企业的强大,我国的旅游企业也将会走出国门,向国际化运作的方向发展。在这一背景下．对旅游企业国际化的背景、特征与运作方式的系统研究将有助于民族旅游企业在国际旅游市场上寻求竞争优势和发展模式。     

海外华人产业集群形成机理分析——以佛罗伦萨温商皮具产业集群为例

论文以意大利佛罗伦萨温州商人皮具产业集群为例,从社会网络发展的视角,介绍了佛罗伦萨华人皮具产业集群的概况;阐述了佛罗伦萨温州商人社会网络的形成与发展对当地产业集群形成的作用,探讨了海外华人产业集群的形成机理。研究发现,佛罗伦萨温州商人社会网络不仅培育了新的产业进入者,而且帮助他们迅速进入该集群,从而保持了该集群的旺盛生命力。随着产业集群的成熟,佛罗伦萨温州商人社会网络继续壮大,成为了产业集群内网络组织部分的核心。然而,影响产业集群形成和发展的外在因素甚多,还包括区域位置、历史因素、政策导向等等,因此,关于海外华人产业集群的研究还有待进一步深入探索。     

近代中国买办的卑微心理分析

买办在近代中国新式企业活动中一直是一个活跃的也是最富有的群体。但买办一直"耻言身份",他们存在着一种卑微心理,这种心理的产生与当时的社会环境和个人出身有密切关系。这种心理的给买办们的事业带来极大影响,也一定程度地影响了中国近代化的进程。     

Local politics and foreign ventures in China's transitional economy: the political economy of Singaporean investments in China

The re-articulation of China into the global economy since December 1978 has led to a tremendous influx of foreign capital during the past two decades. Constrained by the limited domestic market and encouraged by home-country government, transnational corporations from Singapore are regionalising increasingly into the Asia Pacific region. To date, a significant amount of Singaporean investments abroad has gone to China. Based on personal interviews with parent companies in Singapore and their subsidiaries and/or affiliates in China, this paper aims to examine the political economy of Singaporean investments in China. Specifically, I argue that successful cross-border operations of Singaporean firms are embedded in dense networks of social and political relationships. These relationships provide the political leverage and strategic resources to enable the establishment of Singaporean firms in China. This establishment, however, is contingent on blending with local politics in China through which foreign firms use leverage on the partnership advantage of local governments (difang zhengfu), their enterprises, and business activities. This rise of local corporatism is a key institutional consequence of the recent rescaling of China's political economy. Case studies of ventures by Singaporean firms in China are presented to support my arguments. Taken together, these empirical materials shed light on the importance of understanding the role of politics at different spatial scales in influencing transnational corporations and their international business operations.     

Status,Estate, or Profession?

This article focuses on how social stratification was performed in everyday practice in 1730s Sweden. By studying the titles people were given in the court material of three communities – Uppsala town, Lagunda härad, and Sala town with its silver mine – three factors defining social categorization can be identified: status, estate, and profession. Only people who rose above the commoners were entitled, which means that all titles denoted status. Some titles were shared by different social groups that had little in common, and therefore cannot be said to mark anything other than status. Other titles were exclusive to definable groups. Among those, some were given to groups whose exclusivity was based on legal and fiscal privileges, rather than education or competence. They were simply feudal corporations, or estates. In other groups – all defined by occupations – the members had completed specialist education that included formal exams. In those, social stratification was the result of professionalism.     

How green is the valley? Foreign direct investment in two Norwegian industrial towns

Since the early 1900s, foreign direct investments (FDIs) have greatly affected Norwegian society, especially peripheral communities. This article analyses how transnational corporations (TNCs) use territory down to the local level, and how this complex relationship between firms and spaces is shaped by attributes related to the TNC and the characteristics of the local economy. An extensive literature discusses different types of effects and spillovers, such as vertical supply linkages and spin-offs, but theoretical explanations of outcomes are more difficult. The literature links positive as well as negative outcomes to local conditions and to the investment motives of the entity making the FDI, but says little about how these vary with types of business, communities and national economies, and how these interactions generate different outcomes. We conclude that FDIs have different abilities to transform an area. We argue that FDI can trigger path-dependent dependency when it is dominated by economic capital and path-dependent development when it consists of a balance of economic capital, social networks and knowledge. This variation in the effects of FDI is illustrated by an empirical analysis of two industrial towns in Western Norway, one with natural resources and the other with intangible technology resources.     

明清时期徽商在巢湖流域的经营活动

明清时期,由于巢湖流域农业的发展以及当地人以农为本、少事商贾习俗的影响,徽商遍布巢湖流域大小城镇和集市,在流域内从事商业经营,并形成了较为明显的经营特色.徽商给巢湖流域的市镇发展带来了生机和活力,对于沟通城乡市场,使之成为一个统一的整体,发挥了重要作用.