清朝诗歌中的山西灾荒——以方志为中心的考察

清朝山西自然灾害频发,给人们带来了巨大灾难。但方志灾祥部分常用＂大饥＂、＂民相食＂等语概括,相似且空洞的词汇使读者难以直观地感受灾害与灾民生活。所幸,艺文志中的一些诗歌对灾害进行了记载,它们帮助读者对清朝山西的自然灾害与灾民生活有了直观的了解。     

新中国成立初期的灾害救助工作

1949～1952年,为战胜严重的自然灾害,中国共产党和人民政府通过采取临灾救济、生产救灾、安置灾民等措施遏制了灾害的进一步恶化,巩固了新生的人民政权,提高了中国共产党的执政能力。新中国成立初期,党和政府积累了一定的灾害救助经验,即:加强对灾害救助工作的领导,实行抗灾工作总动员;制定切实的灾害救助方针;注意加强灾害管理;及时向灾区派出视察组、慰问团;发挥非政府救济组织的作用。     

1929年河南灾民移垦东北述论

传统而言,灾民的灾后安置不外乎“移民就粟”和“移粟就民”等几种手段。1929年,河南灾荒发生后,为了挽救灾民,河南赈务会进行了这次颇具规模的灾民移垦活动。灾民的此次移垦并不十分顺利,在政府和社会各界的共同努力下,完成了河南灾民的东北移垦。依靠社会各界的帮助和自身的劳作,灾民最终避免了被家乡灾荒吞噬的厄运。灾民移垦不仅解决了河南部分灾民的生存问题,同时对于开发东北也起到了一定的作用,随着河南移垦灾民的土著化,这种意义体现得将更加明显。     

民国壬戌浙西灾民沉浮写真——方赞修《勘灾杂咏》解说

民国十一年 (1 92 2年 )夏 ,浙东、浙西因暴雨而致山洪 ,史称“壬戌水灾”。淳安方赞修以省议员身份 ,两度亲历浙西勘察 ,触景感怀 ,于勘灾之余 ,作诗 6 5首 ,汇为《勘灾杂咏》一书。本文通过介绍这份新史料 ,具体展示了灾后浙西地区的生态变迁、经济损失、灾民心态、治安变化以及政府和民间的应对措施。并随作者视线 ,探究了时人眼中灾民的生存困境和选择 ,以期更人性化地合理理解导致水灾的原因     

春秋战国灾礼略论

春秋时期,生产力水平比较低,古人抵御天灾人祸的能力有限。为了应对灾害、灾异。春秋诸侯国一方面试图以"德"禳灾,采取一些务实的荒政措施抵御饥荒、水旱等灾害,同时也发明了一套抵御灾害的礼乐制度。这一礼乐制度即是灾礼。灾礼即以礼乐制度来抵御、消解灾害。     

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变动中的家与地方:一个关联性的研究综述

家与地方的关系是地方性研究中的关键性命题。人本主义地理学认为地方根植是家的根本属性,批判地理学则从社会建构的角度阐释家与地方的动态关联。在全球化和灾害影响下,家与地方的联结方式不断变动,呈现出异常丰富的多样性。本文从理论脉络入手,对全球化进程中因绅士化引起的家的置换,无家可归与家在他乡,以及离散者的漂移之家等现象进行了分析;并从灾民自我调适行为和灾后重建计划的实施方面,讨论了灾害影响下家的重构与认同问题。相关学科和国际研究在这一领域的快速发展,将为国内社会文化地理学对家的探索创造良好的机遇。     

1911-1937年灾民移境就食问题初探

抗战前的民国时期,灾民逃荒现象极为普遍。灾发地政府因无力赈济自己的民众,或者出于推卸责任,放任其灾民四处流离,移境就食。流入地政府救济自己辖区灾民尚且不暇,自然不愿再为别区承担救济重任。再者,行政区划与经费的分配也限制了这种救抚他省灾民的欲望。因此,流入地对来境灾民无不驱逐出境或资遣回籍,而灾民在自己家乡确实又无以为生,迫不得已时只好重又外出。总起来看,整个灾发期间,灾民便是在灾发地与流入地的推来搡去之中艰难苟活。这一问题不是一地一隅所能解决,也远非一年一月所能一蹴而就,它需要各级政府的大力合作,需要对产生灾民的各种原因予以根治。然而,受时代条件所限,灾民的移境就食问题不能得到较好的解决,灾民的流离悲苦也就只能依然如故。     

灾害史研究的文化转向

20世纪以来,中国灾害史研究在史料整理及研究、荒政制度、区域灾害史、灾赈实践等领域硕果累累。①随着研究的推进及现实价值的凸显,灾害史研究似乎陷入了瓶颈,大多数研究都是就灾害说灾害,集中在灾害个案及赈济史实梳理的层域对灾害背景(原因)及影响、官民救灾及其机制和措施、思想、灾后重建等问题的讨论,或是对断代、区域、特别案例的探讨,对具体路径及方法等问题修修补补,研究思路及叙事框架无意识中形成了固有的路径及模式,重要创新及突破性成果不多,理论及跨学科视域的创新性研究也略显不足。     

灾后救济与城市重建：1938年长沙大火的善后工作

1938年11月13日凌晨,长沙城突发大火。火灾发生后,张治中、陈诚、周恩来、蒋介石等各方纷纷开展紧急处置工作,设置施饭所、收容所,掩埋死亡军民,设立临时市场,维持社会秩序。但是,这些措施只能为灾民提供基本的生存和生活条件。湖南省政府协同其他部门组建诸多机构主导善后工作：长沙市火灾临时救济委员会主导灾后救济工作,开展灾民登记,完善收容措施,发放疏散费,清理火灾场所;长沙市火灾救济小本借贷处的小本借贷,为长沙民众提供谋生资本,使经济有所恢复;长沙市善后建设委员会与长沙市新市区设计委员会致力于城市重建,规划设计长沙新市区方案。但善后工作的具体实施遭受诸多阻滞,且城市重建因“大局敉平”迟迟未至,仅限于方案设计。城市复兴最终依靠长沙民众自身力量得以基本实现。这些均体现出大火善后工作“临时性”与“不对称”的战时特点。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.