关于新石器时代的三次“革命”

在新石器时代文化研究中,农业革命和城市革命的理论认识早就普遍接受。但把农业革命作为新石器时代革命的基本内容,仍不能充分解释旧石器时代向新石器时代的过渡问题。在农业革命之前,还应存在着以资源开发为目的、以居住方式变革为重要途径的居住革命,即发达的新石器时代文化曾经历过的三次革命性变化。     

发展农业旅游,缓解“三农”问题——兼论农业旅游的经济社会影响

农业旅游既是一种新兴的旅游方式,又是一种新型的农业生产经营形式。发展农业旅游可以调整农业经济结构,培育农村新的经济增长点,安置农村剩余劳动力,促进农民增收,改变农村整体面貌,从而缓解三农业问题。     

中国北方农业起源研究的理论和实践

针对目前学界存在的多种"农业起源"理论,笔者在对它们作了逐一分析后,总结了一个完整的理论模式。在这一模式的指导下,笔者系统分析了我国北方地区细石器时期和新石器早期的考古学文化面貌、自然环境变迁及对动植物资源利用的情况,从而勾勒了一个北方地区农业起源的大体过程。     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Allan Low, Agricultural Development in Southern Africa. Farm-household Economics and the Food Crisis. Christian Andersson, Peasant or Proletarian? Wage Labour and Peasant Economy During Industrialization: The Algerian Experience. Peter Hazell, Carlos Pomareda and Alberto Valdes (eds), Crop Insurance for Agricultural Development: Issues and Experiences. José Havet, The Diffusion of Power: Rural Elites in a Bolivian Province. Leon Zamosc, The Agrarian Question and the Peasant Movement in Colombia: Struggles of the National Peasant Association 1967–1981.     

近代欧洲早期农业革命考察

在17、18世纪之际的“农业革命”发生之前,欧洲农业生产就已出现了许多关键性的技术进步,可把16、17世纪的这种进步称为“早期农业革命”,而14、15世纪则可视为早期农业革命的准备阶段。通过对中世纪欧洲农业的低技术起点,14、15世纪的农业技术进步,16、17世纪的早期农业革命等三方面的考察,我们发现欧洲农业技术进步中的连续性特点远超过其突变性。     

清代伊克昭盟长城沿线“禁留地”诸概念考释

清初陕北边外禁留地承自明代烧荒形成的隔离蒙汉的黑色地带。乾隆八年,双方在边外五十里一线划出有形界线,称黑(牌)界,该谓附会于烧荒形成的黑色地带,是汉人对边外自然景观记忆延续的反映。黑界以内,伊克昭盟各旗汉族移民的耕地范围并不相同,使得黑界与移民垦殖北界之间形成宽窄不一的土地,由此衍生出当时文献未言,却实际存在的所谓黑界地。牌界地是指边墙与牌界之间的土地。伙盘地是移民定居和租耕之地,具有不连续分布的空间特征。白界地一称晚出于民国绥远编纂的文献,实为牌界地的异写,其产生可能与牌借地、白借地称谓有关。陕绥双方对诸称谓的不同书写,反映各自从己方利益和地方本位的角度,对重构清代鄂尔多斯南缘汉族移民垦殖史的不同表达和现实立场。     

Australia and the European Union: conflict,competition or engagement in agricultural and agri-food trade?

Many scholars have mounted convincing cases that the engagement of Australia and the European Union (EU) has been characterised by skirmishes regarding the Common Agricultural Policy and its distortion of world markets, and lack of Australian access to EU markets. This article illustrates that agricultural and agri-food trade constitutes a relatively small portion of Australia–EU trade flows; that Australia exports more goods to the EU than in the past; and that, in some agri-food sectors, it exports more goods to the EU than the EU does to Australia. Further, it argues that conflict and competition regarding the Common Agricultural Policy need to be understood in the broader context of world trade and in the context of a new and deeper engagement between the two interlocutors.     

Re‐valuing the Fringe: Some Findings on the Value of Agricultural Production in Australia's Peri‐Urban Regions

The agriculture that occurs in Australia's peri‐urban regions is not well understood, nor has its economic value ever been examined systematically. Using a spatial frame derived from research into population change, Agricultural Census data are used to calculate the value of this agricultural production. The analysis suggests that peri‐urban regions in the five mainland States produce almost 25% of Australia's total gross value of agricultural production. Evidence gathered from other surveys suggests that, in some respects, this may be an underestimate. Although qualified and provisional, these findings have important strategic implications for agricultural development, urban and regional development and, ultimately, sustainable development. However, peri‐urban issues are often submerged in public policy deliberations, and peri‐urban agriculture is poorly served by the Agricultural Census.     

Food for thought in agricultural decision making

Peggy F. Barlett, ed. Agricultural Decision Making. New York: Academic Press, 1980. Tables, figures, references, index. $26.00.     

20世纪中国农业与农村变迁的跨学科考察--中国农业历史学会第九次学术研讨会综述

在南京举行的中国农业历史学会第九次学术研讨会,集中讨论了20世纪中国农业和农村变迁问题,涉及政治、经济、社会、技术、生态等方面。交叉性、时代性、前瞻性,是本次研讨会的主要特点。     

我国早期植物学家、园艺学家、教育家万勉之

万勉之,贵州省贵阳市人,老同盟会员,贵阳第一批赴日留学生,1910年,以优异成绩毕业于东北帝国大学,先后任贵大农林学堂教务长、贵州农事试验场场长、北京高等师范农政专门学校、北京农业大学、河北大学、东北农林专科学校教授,赤水省立一中、遵义师范学校校长。晚年回贵阳任农业改进所秘书、技正、留守主任、接办敬之植物园、贵州农工学院园艺系主任兼园艺试验场场长等。主要著述有《花卉园艺学》、《花卉园艺》、《黔中草木一斑》等。     

山东省泰安市农业空间生产资本化特征及模式研究

农业生产空间是农村基本功能的载体。从资本“三重循环”视角出发,将“空间的生产”理论引入农业研究,提出并构建农业空间生产资本化的作用逻辑及其特征表征,并以山东省泰安市村庄为研究单元,研究其农业空间生产资本化特征、模式表征及空间规律。发现,泰安市农业生产具有资本投入集约化、空间生产集中化、组织分工专业化等特征;农业空间生产资本化模式共有四种,在空间上呈现出以中心城区为圆心,圈层式向外拓展的规律性,农业空间生产资本化度和三重特征都表现出由内向外先增后缓降的格局。在乡村振兴背景下,识别村庄农业发展模式,根据要素条件,分类指导农业种植结构调整,有利于促进农村多功能有机融合,实现乡村农业产业兴旺发展目标。     

Reviews/Comptes rendus

Book reviewed in this article:
Romanticism and Colonial Disease
Placing Autobiography in Geography
The Nature of Economies
A Particular Condition in Life: Self-Employment and Social Mobility in Mid-Victorian Brantford, Ontario
Assisting Immigration to Upper Canada: The Petworth Project, 1832–1837
English Immigrant Voices: Labourer's Letters from Upper Canada in the 1830s
A Sense of their Duty: Middle-class Formation in Victorian Ontario Towns
Making Ontario: Agricultural Colonization and Landscape Re-creation Before the Railway     

农科留学生与中国近代农业科技体制化建设

近代以来,农科留学生引进了西方先进的农业科学知识,促进了我国的农业科技近代化进程.近代农科留学生为了促进中国农业科技的发展,实现"科学救国"的愿望,在农业科技体制化方面进行了积极而有意义的探索和实践,组织、创办中华农学会等全国性农业学术团体,创办<中华农学会报>、<林学>、<畜牧兽医>等农业科学刊物;组建中央农业实验所等全国性农业科研机构,推进农业科研工作;创建新系科,编写新教材,积极投身到近代中国农业新学科的开拓之中,在中国近代农业科技体制化建设过程中发挥了重要的作用.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Society and Environment in New Zealand edited by R. J. Johnston Australian Urban and Regional Development by Frank J. B. Stilwell, Sydney at the Census: 1971; A Social Atlas by R. J. Davis and Peter Spearritt, Lae: Village and City by Ian Willis The Agricultural Systems of the World: An Evolutionary Approach by D. B. Grigg     

BOOK REVIEWS

Graham Wilson, Special Interests and Policy Making: Agricultural Policies and Politics in Britain and the United States of America. 1956–70
Joseph P. Viteritti, Bureaucracy and Social Justice: Allocation of Jobs and Services lo Minorities
Richard R. Fagen. ed., Capitalism and the Slate in U.S. -Latin American Relations
Robert Stobeugh and Daniel Yergin, eds., Eneqy Future: Report of the Energy Project ot the Harvard Business School     

REVIEWS / COMPTES RENDUS

Book reviewed in this article:
Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape by DENIS E. COSGROVE
The Tourist: Travel in Twentieth-Century North America by JOHN A. JAKLE
An Introduction to Agricultural Geography by DAVID GRIGC
A Short History of Geomorphology by KEITH J. TINKLER
Shorelines and Isostasy edited by D.E. SMITH and A.G. DAWSON
A Place to Grow Old: The Meaning of Environment in Old Age by STEPHEN M. GOLANT     

A REGIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR PLANNING ECOTOURISM IN SASKATCHEWAN

An analysis of opportunities and constraints reveals potential for a limited ecotourism sector in Saskatchewan dominated by an intraprovincial market. A framework is proposed which augments the existing inventory of individual ecotourism sites by taking into consideration the variable spatial context within which these sites occur. Encompassing the entire province are five zones, progressing according to the degree of environmental modification through the Urban, Agricultural Heartland, Agricultural Frontier, Resource Frontier, and Wilderness. Each zone is characterized by distinctive configurations of ecotourism space, as well as economic status, participants, constraints, and opportunities.
Une analyse des avantages et des contraintes démontre le potentiel d'un secteur ecotouristique limité en Saskatchewan oú le marche interprovincial joue le rôle principal. Le cadre proposé augmenterait l'inventaire existant de sites individuels écotouristiques en tenant compte du contexte spatial variable dans lequel se trouvent ces sites. La province est divisee en cinq zones selon le niveau de transformation environnementale: une zone urbaine, une zone centrale agricole, une zone de developpement agricole recente, une zone nouvelle de dé veloppement des ressources et une zone sauvage. Chaque zone se caractérise par des configurations différentes d'espaces ecotouristiques aussi bien que par un statut economique, des participants, des contraintes et des possibilites differents.     

Transition and Trade Perspectives on Eastern European Agriculture

In the economic and political restructuring of Eastern Europe, a new agricultural structure is taking shape, based upon private ownership, genuine cooperatives, and a market economy. Agricultural trade policy in six Eastern European nations will be characterized by the aim of self-sufficiency, but privatized and centered around market methods, improvement in agricultural systems will occur slowly, and over the long term may achieve self-sufficiency and greater exports. Meanwhile, Eastern European agriculture will provide investment and market opportunities for countries of the developed world.