从慈善到公益:伦敦济贫改革与近代慈善救济院制度

16世纪中叶伦敦济贫改革是英国济贫改革的先驱,是政界、知识界与商界合力的结果,其主要成果是五所王室慈善救济院的建立与近代慈善救济院制度的初步形成.伦敦王室慈善救济院以政府主导和差别救济为标志,成为世俗政府化解社会问题、实现社会转型的有效工具.伦敦济贫改革的成功推动了地方城市甚至国家层面的济贫改革,为英国济贫制度从宗教慈善向世俗公益的全面转型开辟了道路.     

抗战时期难民收容所的设立及其特点

抗战时期的难民收容所,是专门收留救助战争灾民的慈善福利机构,由政府救济机关及中外慈善团体和社会组织协同开办,是中国战时社会救济系统的主要组成部分。其产生、存在与抗战进程相始终,虽具临时性、被动性,但其形式简捷灵活、数多量广,较为有效地救济了上千万难民。本论述了战时难民收容所的建立、数量与规模,以及特点和社会影响。     

取舍之间:英国长老会在华慈善救济事业研究(1856—1949)

英国长老会在华先后开办大量慈善救济事业,它们明显具有服务教会内部和服务外部社会的双重功能。宣道会的常规拨款和本土教会的慈善捐款一般用于教会本身,而教会面向公众募集的捐款则多用于社会性的慈善救济事业。从运作机制看,长老会的慈善救济事业具有国际化和地方性的特点,并构成一个复杂的网络体系。     

英国都铎王朝的济贫税及赋税精神

为消除持续发生的社会贫困现象,都铎政府通过颁布系列《济贫法》,将教会主导的慈善捐款转变为政府强制征收的济贫税。济贫税是在地方实践基础上创建的新税。它以教会堂区为征税单元,自定税率,定期征收,税款用于救济本地贫困家庭,是一种议会授权的地方税。济贫税的出现标志着英国赋税功能从单纯获取财政收入,向直接用之于民、调节贫富差距的社会治理转变。税款用于国家内政和征收常规化成为英国近代赋税制度发展的原则。     

中华慈善文化及其传承与创新北大核心CSSCI

慈善文化是慈善事业生命力的延续和再现,是社会文化的重要组成部分,包含着文化应有的物的(表层)、心的(里层)、心物结合的(中间层)三个层次。古代慈善文化扎根于传统文化的土壤,以政府救助为主体。到了近代,形成了新的思想理念,救助主体也转向了民间,而且出现了慈善家群体,且其救助机构多样,善款来源广泛,救济范围广阔,有了一定的慈善法制建设,体现出浓厚的民族性和文化精神。到了当代,慈善文化曾一度断层,但出现了政府主导的官办慈善与民办慈善并存的局面。慈善史研究应注重弘扬慈善文化的优良传统,坚持慈善文化的传承与创新。     

中华慈善文化及其传承与创新

慈善文化是慈善事业生命力的延续和再现,是社会文化的重要组成部分,包含着文化应有的物的(表层)、心的(里层)、心物结合的(中间层)三个层次。古代慈善文化扎根于传统文化的土壤,以政府救助为主体。到了近代,形成了新的思想理念,救助主体也转向了民间,而且出现了慈善家群体,且其救助机构多样,善款来源广泛,救济范围广阔,有了一定的慈善法制建设,体现出浓厚的民族性和文化精神。到了当代,慈善文化曾一度断层,但出现了政府主导的官办慈善与民办慈善并存的局面。慈善史研究应注重弘扬慈善文化的优良传统,坚持慈善文化的传承与创新。     

公民意识的兴起：一战时期英国慈善活动的新发展

第一次世界大战期间,英国前线战场与后方民众之间出现了前所未有的密切联系。在志愿参军之余,后方民众对前线的支持大都汇入到各种慈善活动中。民众的积极参与使慈善活动拥有了国家立场表现出明显的爱国主义情感,对责任的认知促使不同阶层的人在慈善活动中不断交融,打破了原有的阶级固化,并直接增强了慈善与政府公共行为的合作。战时慈善的这些变化有力昭示了英国公民意识的兴起,即对国家的认可以及对作为国家公民责任的认知。这种公民意识,不同于传统的道德责任,不仅使慈善机构成为英国汇聚社会力量、弥补政府功能不足的重要渠道,也为此后慈善活动的发展提供了新动力。     

charity概念在英国的历史流变及其社会意蕴

charity是英国历史上表示慈善的最常用词语,但其概念却在社会发展变迁过程中不断发生变化。它从对上帝之爱发展到侧重对邻人之爱,后泛指一切旨在解决社会问题的仁慈行为,到了现代社会其含义变得更日益多元。在这一历史发展过程中,charity不断被赋予新的内涵,其既反映了不同时期慈善主导话语权的变化,更体现了英国社会价值观念的变化,由此引发的慈善评判标准的改变也促进了慈善社会功能的不断增强。而charity理念的发展恰好与近代以来英国商业社会推崇的自由竞争潮流相生相克,慈善无意中悄然成为英国消解商业社会弊病的有效方式。因而,charity树起了英国社会进步的一面正义和友善的旗帜。由此可以说,厘清charity概念的源头流变十分重要,它可为慈善的未来发展提供更加开阔的视野。     

20世纪英国志愿医院慈善资本的变化与衰落

英国志愿医院主要为贫困患者提供免费医疗服务,是慈善资本引入非营利性医院的典范。慈善资本主要来自个人认捐、社会捐赠和基金会筹募。志愿医院依托慈善资本的积累迅速发展为英国公共医院的核心。但慈善资本的局限性又影响到医疗服务供给的公平性与稳定性,阻碍了医院现代化与医疗专业化的发展。19世纪中后期,志愿医院出现了财政危机。民间医疗捐助计划、个人付费和地方财政等筹资渠道的出现打破了慈善资本的主导地位,同时削弱了志愿医院的慈善属性,使其运营传统备受冲击。1948年,英国工党政府对志愿医院进行了国有化改革,并确立了以政府税收为主的医疗卫生服务筹资机制。     

清末民初传统慈善组织与教会慈善组织之比较——以广州九善堂和两广浸信会为代表

作为清末民初广州民间慈善组织的载体,以两广浸信会为代表的教会慈善机构和以广州九善堂为代表的传统慈善机构,虽然在创办目的、善款筹集、组织机构及慈善活动方面皆有异同,但从客观上看,两者皆缓解了广州地区的慈善救济工作,有利于清末民初广州社会的发展。     

清代湖南的慈善事业

清代湖南的慈善机构不仅数量可观,而且种类也渐趋完备,涉及到慈幼、养老、救济节妇、施医、施棺、义塾、义冢等。其兴办方式大致分为官办、官绅共办、民办三种。不同行业的慈善机构在经营运作的过程中,呈现出许多共性,如官督绅办的管理模式和以官款资助、私人捐赠、以土养产、以息养业等为主的筹资渠道等。湖南慈善事业的契约化、制度化特征,不仅仅是慈善事业管理方式的进步,而且也意味着城市市民社会新的发展。它缓解了社会的波动,促使政府与社会的关系向良性互动方向发展。     

Celebrity Philanthropy in Mainland China

Celebrity philanthropy in mainland China is a recent phenomenon that has attracted both media publicity and public controversy. Despite its visibility, few data exist regarding how widespread the phenomenon is, and whether it has been growing over time. This paper addresses this gap, using a sample of entertainment and sports celebrities obtained from publicly available sources to answer three key questions. What proportion of celebrities in mainland China engage in philanthropic activities? When did they become involved in philanthropic activities? With what kinds of philanthropic causes and organisations are they connected, and in what capacity? The paper reveals that, in a very short period of time, mainland China’s top celebrities have become just as involved with philanthropic causes as their North American counterparts. The rapid rise of celebrity philanthropy has been correlated with a series of natural disasters and the explicit encouragement of government authorities, offsetting the absence of a tradition of private charitable activities in the People’s Republic of China since its founding.     

Islamic Waqf and Management of Cultural Heritage in Palestine

This paper studies the salient features that characterise the Islamic waqf and the importance of its development through history as a system for management of cultural heritage in Palestine. In an attempt to understand the value of waqf and its developmental role, this paper discusses the significance of waqf development with regard to social and economic growth. The paper concludes that Islamic waqf in Palestine is certainly not an invitation to the authority of the government to dominate the area of benevolent (caring, generous) activities in society but quite the opposite; from its beginning, the establishment of waqf was a clear representation of creating a third sector related to philanthropy (charities) that is kept away from both the profit‐motivated behaviour of individuals and the authority‐dominated action of the government and could be developed and adopted today in our society as a sustainable approach to the management of cultural heritage.     

重视发挥慈善事业在和谐社会建设中的功能

目前,和谐社会建设面临着许多困难和问题,而慈善事业的发展在这些困难和问题的消解方面具有不可替代的作用,它不仅可以弥补相关制度安排的缺漏,同时还具备软性的维系经济健康协调发展、调和社会矛盾与冲突、提升公众社会责任感与道德意识的功能。为此,构建和谐社会必须重视发挥慈善事业的功能。     

Philanthropy and revolution in Shanghai during the May 30th Movement

ABSTRACT

During the May 30th Movement of 1925, the Shanghai Provisional Society of Aid and Pacification epitomized contemporary philanthropy in Shanghai with its transitional character that combined the old with the new. On the one hand, the society inherited the organizational tradition of modern charitable groups, but on the other hand, it also came to terms with the revolutionary upsurges then occurring in China and in the international Communist movement. Inside the Provisional Society of Aid and Pacification, the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce and the Federation of Industry, Commerce, and Education led by the Chinese Communist Party maintained cautiously collaborative relations. After the disbanding of the society, the Patriotic Fundraising Meeting, a successor organization founded by the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, soon failed, and the Chinese Communist Party launched the China Hardship Relief Society in an effort to radicalize philanthropy. Revolutionized philanthropy grew out of the development of the modern Chinese philanthropic tradition yet transcended it. Finally, proponents of these two approaches to philanthropy split after a symbiotic collaboration.     

Philanthronationalism: Junctures at the Business–Charity Nexus in Post‐war Sri Lanka

Over the past few years, the role of private sector organizations as actors and investors in development processes has received increased attention. This article explores the rise of ‘philanthronationalism’ in Sri Lanka: the co‐development of business and philanthropy methods as a response to patronage, nationalization and militarization in the post‐war environment. Drawing on ethnographic research into indigenous forms of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the article identifies four kinds of philanthronationalist practice — passive, assimilative, reactive and collaborative — that provide a logic, mechanism and ethic for private sector development initiatives in the island whilst promoting a vision of the ‘Sinhala Buddhist’ nation state. Noting the emergence of similar philanthronationalist practices in Myanmar, the article concludes by arguing that the Sri Lankan case is unlikely to be unique and calls for further research into the partnerships that emerge between private philanthropy and nationalist movements in conflict/post‐conflict processes around the world.     

近代慈善事业与中国东南社会变迁(1895-1949)

1895-1949年,近代慈善事业的兴起与发展促使了中国东南社会的沧桑变迁及其慈善事业的近代化,其历程大致可以分为两个时期：清末十余年是初步兴起时期,近代色彩的慈善理念得以萌生,慈善公益活动有了初步扩展,传统的善堂善会纷纷向近代慈善团体转变。民国是兴盛发展时期,东南地区出现了众多的慈善团体和慈善家群体,对于民国社会的维系有着举足轻重的作用。近代慈善事业实际上扮演着调节社会的重要角色,成为推动近代社会前进的一种不可缺少的动力。     

Vernetztes regionales Engagement – Das Beispiel Heilbronn-Franken

At a regional scale, a variety of actors from all three sectors of private, public and civil society act together in a philanthropic field. This article deals with the question of how cooperation in charitable action unfolds in this field. Using the example of the region of Heilbronn-Franconia, the empirical case unpacks the dominance of local and regional forms of philanthropy and reconstructs two successful examples of intersectoral collaboration. However, the analysis also demonstrates the limits of the external designability that are due to the individuality of charitable actors, their diverse objectives and the contextuality of the regional environment. The realization of synergies through regional governance therefore succeeds only by respecting the dedication and self-determination of philanthropic commitment and by creating legitimate and sensitive structures of moderation and facilitation.     

和谐理念下的慈善功能分析

慈善事业是我国社会保障体系的有机组成部分,和谐社会的构建离不开慈善事业的发展。慈善事业的发展程度是一个社会文明的具体标志。本文认为,在和谐社会构建中,慈善具有公民自我教育、缓和社会矛盾、提升公民意识等价值功能。